EGYPT

1. EGYPT An overview of it’s history, politics, women and economy...

2. Egypt has a very long history which dates back to 3100 BC. With the start of the prehistoric ages. • History of it’s late period could be divided in to several periods such as:

3. Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt664 BC to 525 BCHistory of Achaemenid Egypt: 525 BC to 332 BCHistory of Ptolemaic Egypt: 332 BC to 30 BCHistory of Roman Egypt: 30 BC to AD 639: The Egyptian branch of the Christian church, known as Coptic, is one of the oldest in the world.Middle Ages Arab Egypt: 639 to 1250:Egypt was conquered by the Arabs under 'Amribn-al-Asi in the reign of the Caliph Umar Mamluk Egypt: 1250 to 1517:The Mamelukes were a feudal-slave society. Children and wives did not usually inherit and so many Mamelukes passed into Egyptian society Ottoman Egypt: 1517 to 1805:The Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517, and inaugurated a long but mostly undistinguished period in Egyptian. The Ottomans ruled through a mixture of Janissary and Mameluke soldiers. Copts and Jews found a place in Egypt as merchants and intellectuals, clerks and civil servants. Ottoman rule deteriorated considerably in the 18th century. In 1796, Egypt revolted against the Ottomans and achieved a semi-independent status within the Ottoman empire. Napoleon: understanding of the industrial and technical superiority of the West emerged,. French technology, military techniques and culture were adopted as models, and French instructors were imported to train modern armies. However, the reform was not thorough. The printing press was not introduced until very late and literacy was low. It was inevitable that these poor societies, including Egypt, would bankrupt themselves trying to pay for the imported Western industrial goods. Modern Egypt History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805 to 1882 :regarded as the father of modern Egypt who set the country on the march towards modernization. He was an efficient ruler and was able to supplant the Ottoman Turks in Palestine, and withdrew only when forced to do so by the British. History of modern Egypt: since 1882:Khedive Ismail ,the mahdi and the british occupation,ww2

4. Colonization? With the arrival of Alexander the Great, Egypt began an extend period of foreign domination: Ptolemeic Greeks (330-32 BCE), Romans (32 BCE-395 CE), Byzantines (395-640), Arabs (642-1251), Mamelukes (1260-1571), Ottoman Turks (1517-1798), French (1789-1801). *There followed a brief interlude until the British arrived (1882-1922). Partial independence was achieved in 1922, but the British still maintained significant control over the country...

5. Colonization effects “Britans case” • It all started in 1882 when the British forced Napoleon Bonaparte, the leader of the French Army, out of Africa. Instead of leaving the land of Egypt to its rightful owners, the Egyptians, • Britain decided to colonize Egypt and control them through a protectorate. The protectorate allowed the British government to control Egypt’s economic and political decisions without intervention from the Egyptians. In other words, The Egyptians had completely lost control of their own country. Well, some of you might ask, • “Why would Britain want to keep Egypt?” :Through the colonization of Egypt, Britain gained control of the Suez Canal(trade canal) • Britain decided to heavily tax the ships which passed through. This brought mass amounts of money of which the Egyptians never saw. Instead of going to maintain Egypt or even the Suez Canal itself, the money went straight to the British government as profit. “THE ECONOMİC SCAM” • Egypt’s Political situation had greatly declined since its colonization by Britain:the new Egypt-British government had now become the British government and rejected any thoughts or requests that the Egyptians had, formation of an egyptian assembly turned out to be a rebellious group aginst the system... • Military:The new army was composed of mostly high to upper class citizens. These citizens were chosen either because they had enough money to leave Egypt, or they were rebellious. But egyptians were not used for defensive purposes rather for “dirty work” • Positive colonziation: health care, education, improved farming methods... • *28 february 1922 ındependence

6. Nationalism and the role of women • Historical changes brought up societies understanding of gender roles • Position of women in Egyptian history : women’s position in Egyptian society is believed to have been equal to that of men. For example female gods played a vital role in ancient Egyptian Mythology, roles which can be identified as being of equal importance to that of male gods. • 1.1 Western rule : it was the French invasion of Egypt which began to change the position of women in Egyptian society and which influenced the beginnings of social change in the country. • The French Invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 was to have significant social implications on the country. For the French invasion "caused a rapid flow of European ideas into Egypt including the ideology of the French Revolution".[1] • Marriages took place between French officers who had converted to Islam and Egyptian women. • There were also "cases of Egyptian women imitating the behavior and dress of the women of the expedition". • Such ideas and beliefs were not however welcomed by all in Egypt. As a result a backlash emerged against such western ideas. • The notion of nationalism: Egyptian women activists have always had to align themselves with nationalist movements.first the anti-colonial, and later the anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist struggles.and could not prioritize women.s issues without being accused of imitating the West. • The Turkish women.s movement, on the other hand, benefited from notions of Turkish nationalism that were promoted in the Turkish Republic and that equated Turkish civilization with equality between men and women. • Turkish independence war and women • Establishment of the Turkish republic 1923- status of women

7. DifferenceTurkey-EgyptWomen Egyptian women activists have always had to align themselves with nationalist movements.first the anti-colonial, and later the anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist struggles.and could not prioritize women issues without being accused of imitating the West. The Turkish women’smovement, on the other hand, benefited from notions of Turkish nationalism that were promoted in the Turkish Republic and that equated Turkish civilization with equality between men and women. So what can we conclude?

8. It becomes obvious that Turkey emerges as a unique case in the Middle East, since in recent history the country has not experienced colonization. • The emancipation of women in Islam has not presented itself quite in the same way as it is in those countries that were former colonies. This is particularly crucial since colonizers, such as the British in Egypt, took it upon themselves to promote the improvement of womens status

10. American feelings of muslims Is it the matter of RELİGİON DİFFERENCE only...? *American policies when perceived through filters provided by domestic contexts within discrete Muslim countries further augment anti-Americanism in the Muslim world because they highlight the close relationship between Washington and several unsavory and repressive regimes in the Muslim world. *Consequently, a symbiotic relationship has developed between the nature of regimes in Muslim countries and American policies toward the Muslim world with both reinforcing hostile perceptions simultaneously of local regimes and of the United States among large segments of populations in Muslim countries. It is no coincidence Mohammed Ayoob that anti-Americanism is highest in those Muslim countries whose regimes are most closely allied with the United States. The high level of popular resentment against the United States in Muslim countries redounds to the benefit of Islamist political formations. This is the case because several of the authoritarian regimes in the Muslim world, including those ruling Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, are allies or clients of the United States who guarantees their security. They, therefore, dare not oppose except very feebly American policies in the Muslim world in general and the Middle East in particular for fear that the United States may withdraw its support to them with consequences likely to be deleterious for such regimes.

11. General understanding of religion in the muslim world They are simultaneously political machines, social welfare organizations, and NGOs that espouse human rights causes. Moreover, they are very adept at building networks at the grassroots through face-to-face interactions, the use of mosques as community centers, and as distribution points for charity and aid to the most vulnerable segments of society. They, therefore, provide social services that states are unwilling or unable to offer and thereby build a base of sympathizers who can be expected to support their political agenda out of a sense of obligation even more than ideological commitment. Studies conducted in Egypt by Carrie Wickham (2002) and in Turkey by Jenny White (2002) bear out the validity of this assertion

12. İsLamism and it’s dimension with other countries... Political Islam has demonstrated its capacity in several countries of the Muslim world to act as an effective resistance ideology both against authoritarian regimes and their great power supporters. Examples range from Iran under the Shah to Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak. It is its capacity for popular mobilization, and not the occasional dramatic acts of terrorism engaged in by the extremist fringe of Islamists, that has major Northern powers worried about the phenomenon called Islamism. This is especially the case since several authoritarian regimes in important Muslim countries, including leading oil producing ones in the Middle East, are allied to or clients of the Northern powers, more particularly of the United States.

13. Religion in Egypt • Great majority of %90:sunni muslims • %10 Coptic christians • Social ethnic obligations of a muslim based on Brotherhood. • The Koran has been a unifying force that strongly influences societal practices and acts as a driver towards a common culture • Egypt : under the islamic and western influences, the judical system is based on a english common law • napoleonic codes and islamic law • Turkey: a secular state

14. Politics Political parties, leaders: AnavatanPartisi (Motherland Party) or Anavatan [Erkan MUMCU]; note - True Path Party or DYP has merged with the Motherland Party; Democratic Party or DP [Husamettin CINDORUK]; Democratic Left Party or DSP [Masum TURKER]; Democratic Society Party or DTP [Ahmet TURK]; Felicity Party or SP [Numan KURTULMUS] (sometimes translated as Contentment Party); Freedom and Solidarity Party or ODP [Hayri KOZANOGLU]; Grand Unity Party or BBP; note - Mushin YAZICIOGLU, former leader of the Grand Unity Party was killed in an March 2009 helicopter crash; Justice and Development Party or AKP [RecepTayyip ERDOGAN]; Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] (sometimes translated as Nationalist Action Party); People's Rise Party (HalkinYukselisiPartisi) or HYP [YasarNuri OZTURK]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz BAYKAL]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Ugur CILASUN (acting)]; Young Party or GP [CemCengiz UZAN] Political Parties, leaders:National Democratic Party or NDP (governing party) [Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK]; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA]; Tomorrow Party [Moussa Mustafa MOUSSA] Political pressure factor: Muslim Brotherhood (technically illegal) note: despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties and political activity, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Hosni MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition;

15. ‘EGYPT &TURKEY Egypt: GDP:$442.6 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 28 $414.1 billion (2007) $386.6 billion (2006) Unemployement rate:8.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 9.1% (2007 est.) Turkey: GDP:$906.5 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 $893.1 billion (2007) $853.8 billion (2006) Unemployement rate:7.9% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 9.9% (2007 est.)

16. Bibliography Ahmad, Feroz.1991. “Politics and Islam in Modern Turkey”, Middle Eastern Studies 27(1): 3-21. Al-Baladhuri, “History Of Egypt”.7 July 2009. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/642Egypt-conq2.html Ayoob, Mohammed. 2007. “Challenging Hegemony: Political Islam and the North–South Divide”, International Studies Review (9): 629-643 Bodur,Muzaffer,andKabasakal,Hayat. ”Arabic Cluster: A Bridge Between East and West.” Journal of World Business ,37, (2002),40-45 Clark, Janine. 2004. “Social Movement Theory and Patron-Clientelism: Islamic Social Institutions and the Middle Class in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen”, Comparative Political Studies (37): 941- 968. Di-Capua,Yoav.” Embodiement of the revolutionary spirit.” Journal of World Business,Vol.13,29-85 “Egypt”. 2008. The World Fact Book. 4 July 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/EG.html Jamal, Amaney A. 2006. “Reassessing Support for Islam and Democracy in the Arab World. Evidence from Egypt and Jordan”, World Affairs 169(2):51- 63. Lagendjik,Joost ,and WiersmaMarinus Jan. AvrupanınmüslümanKomşuları. 1sted.İstanbul,OH:İletişim,2009 Saeed,Javaid. Islam and modernization. London,On:Praeger,1994 “Turkey”.2008. The World Fact Book. 5 July 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/TU.html