Early Child Development – Canadian Experience

1. Early Child Development – Canadian Experience The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and The McKnight Foundation in Cooperation with University of Minnesota By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR October 17, 2003

2. 03-073 CIAR The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

3. 03-076 CIAR - Programs Population Health Human Development

4. 03-077 Why Are Some People Healthy And Others Not? Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations

5. 03-063 HEALTH

6. 00-063 Historical Industrial Revolution and Population Health in the West Tom McKeown - 25% public health - 75% better nutrition Robert Fogel - Major factor better nutrition of children - Early childhood set risks for chronic diseases of adults - Better quality of population improved economic growth

7. 01-024 Economic Development and Health Holland 1850 - 1910 170 1.8 168 Income/Capita 1.4 Height 166 Height (cm) Income/Capita Deaths/1,000 Population Relative Index 1850=1 1 164 Deaths/1,000 0.6 162 Population 160 0.2 1850 1870 1890 1910 Year

8. 92-050 Mortality by Social Class Class 180 V 140 Standard Mortality Ratios IV III 100 II I 60 1951 1981 1971 Marmot in “Class and Health” 1986

9. 91-068 U.K. CIVIL SERVICE Mortality - All Causes Other 16 Clerical 12 Professional/ 8 Executive Cumulative Mortality 4 Administrative 0 0 2 4 8 6 10 Year of Follow-up

10. 90-068 Job Control and Coronary Heart Disease 20.0 10.4 4.5 2.8 12.8 6.6 2.0 4.0 HIGH 6.8 4.4 0.0 3.2 Job Demand HIGH LOW Job Control LOW R. Karasek and T. Theorell, Healthy Work: Stress Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life, 1990.

11. 03-094 Age Adjusted Odds Ratios CHD - Whitehall Study Civil Service Grade HIGH LOW Non-Adjusted 1.00 1.50 Adjusted Work 1.00 1.18 Risk Factors 1.00 1.30 Fully 1.00 0.95 Marmot, BMJ, 1997

12. 00-076 Life Cycle and Health In Utero - Barker et al Early Years - Power and Hertzman Adult Life - Marmot et al Biological embedding in the early years

13. 00-069 Health Problems Related to Early Life • Coronary Heart Disease • Non - insulin Dependent Diabetes • Obesity • Blood Pressure • Aging and Memory Loss • Mental Health (depression)

14. 01-010 "Follow up through life of successive samples of birth has pointed to the crucial influence of early life on subsequent mental and physical health and development." Acheson, Donald - Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health ,1998 ‘

15. 03-131 NEUROSCIENCE

16. 00-078 Brain Plasticity in Early Years 1. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis - regulation of cortisol memory, diabetes, heart disease, behaviour 2. Autonomic nervous system blood pressure, respiration 3. Sensing pathways vision, sound, touch etc.

17. 03-078 Experience and Brain Development Stimuli switch on genetic pathways - Differentiate neuron function Stimuli affect the formation of the connections (synapses) among the billions of neurons

18. 03-079 Vision - Hubel & Wiesel Eye cataracts at birth prevent development of vision neurons in the occipital cortex

19. 03-089 5-HTT Gene and Depression Age 26 Depression Risk .70 SS S = Short Allele L = Long Allele .50 SL LL .30 No Abuse Moderate Abuse Severe Abuse Early Childhood A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.

20. 03-110 Interaction of the Brain and Immune System CRF Hypothalamus Cortisol CRF Locus Ceruleus Adrenal Gland ACTH Pituitary Gland Vagus Cortisol Cytokines Sympathetic Nervous system Immune Cells Nerve Immune Organs

21. 03-065 BEHAVIOUR

22. 01-009 "The origin of these behavior problems can be traced back to fetal development and infancy. High quality care-giving support … during the first three years … reduces … the seriousness of behavior problems." . - Developmental Health and the Tremblay, R Wealth of Nations, 1999 ‘

23. 02-011 "The aftermath … can appear as depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts or post-traumatic stress - or as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity or substance abuse." Martin Teicher Scientific American, 2002

24. 02-041 Substance Abuse and Childhood Abuse Odds Ratios for Drug and Alcohol Use Exposure to Drugs Alcohol Child Abuse * 0 1.0 1.0 1 2.7 2.0 2 2.9 4.0 3 3.6 4.9 4+ 4.7 7.4 Scale: 0 none * 4 intense

25. 03-064 LEARNING

26. 02-036 Intervention Studies Grantham-McGregor Abecedarian Ypsilanti Osborn and Milbank Bergmann - France Other (World Bank Report) Compatible with biological and animal studies

27. 03-086 1970 British Birth Cohort Preschooling improved performance in school system Benefits children in all social classes The effects of preschooling persist Egerton and Bynner (2001)

28. 99-113 REVERSING THE REAL BRAIN DRAIN Early Years Study Final Report April 1999 Co-chairs: Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain & J. Fraser Mustard

29. 03-018 Vulnerable Children Aged 4 to 6 – NLSCY 1998 40 30 Ontario Prevalence of Vulnerable Children 20 Rest of Canada 10 0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Socioeconomic Status

30. 01-053 Odds - Ratio for Children's (0-5) Cognitive and Behaviour Problems Behaviour Cognitive Parenting (vs good) Authoritarian 1.53 2.01 Permissive 1.23 1.80 Inadequate 1.85 2.14 Parents Read to Child 0.92 0.96 Local Support 0.93 1.00

31. 99-004 Source of Brain Stimulation parent-oriented child-oriented age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Components of Early Childhood Development and Parenting Centres: ECD & care (parental and non-parental) arrangements Play-based learning Resources Prenatal & postnatal supports Nutrition programs

32. 03-115 LITERACY

33. 02-001 Vocabulary Growth – First 3 Years Vocabulary 1200 High SES Middle SES 600 Low SES 0 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Age - Months B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday Experiences of Young American Children, 1995

34. 01-040 Five Levels of Literacy Level 1: indicates persons with very poor skills. Level 2: people can deal with material that is simple Level 3: is considered a suitable minimum for coping with the demands of everyday life Level 4 and 5: describe people who demonstrate command of higher-order processing skills

35. 02-061 Document Literacy 1994 – 1998, Ages 16 to 55 Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5 Sweden 23% 34% Canada 42% 23% Australia 43% 17% United States 48% 18% Chile 85% 3%

36. 00-085 Socioeconomic Mean scores 350 Gradients for Document 330 Literacy Scores 310 290 International Mean 270 Sweden 250 230 Netherlands 210 Canada 190 170 Chile 0 5 10 15 20 Parents’ Education (years)

37. 00-042 360 Sociocultural Gradients for Cuba Language 320 Scores By Country Argentina Chile 280 Brazil Language Score Columbia 240 200 8 16 1 4 12 Parents' Education - Years

38. 03-122 Socioeconomic Gradients for Canada and the United States 600 IV III 500 Reading Score Canada Reading Level OECD II United States 400 I -2 -1 0 1 2 Socioeconomic Status

39. 03-116 OUTCOME MEASURES

40. 03-085 Early Development Instrument (EDI) Physical health and well-being Social knowledge and competence Emotional health/maturity Language and cognitive development Communication skills and general knowledge

41. 02-065 Percentage of Children Scoring in Bottom 10% by District 6-11% 12-18% 19-24% 25-30% 31-38% Data unavailable Early Development Instrument, Collection February 2000

42. Percentage Grade 4 Students Below Numeracy Expectations 02-064 0-11% 12-22% 23-34% 35-46% 47-58% Source: Ministry of Education

43. 00-117 First Ministers therefore agree to work together so that young children can fulfill their potential to be healthy, safe and secure, ready to learn, and socially engaged and responsible. In support of this common goal, governments will improve and expand early childhood development programs and services over time. First Ministers’ Meeting, Government of Canada, September 11, 2000

44. 03-067 Ontario Government “Integrating all of our early development programs under the new Minister for Human Development.” The Road Ahead, Ont. PC’s, 2003

45. 00-068 ECD Social Equality Education Health Capital Economic Growth Human Development

46. 02-018 From Early Child Development To Human Development * World Bank Report, 2002

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