Download
1 / 80
800 likes | 825 Views
The Civil War (1861-65). Chapter 11. The American Civil War. From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another. Causes of the Civil War. 1. Conflict over s lavery in territories 2. Failure of Compromise in Congress— S tates Rights
E N D
The Civil War (1861-65) Chapter 11
The American Civil War From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another
Causes of the Civil War • 1. Conflict over slavery in territories • 2. Failure of Compromise in Congress— States Rights • 3. Election of Lincoln as President • 4. Secession of Southern states • 5. Firing on Fort Sumter, South Carolina Remember the S’s & L!!!
Getting Started • Pretend that you have been given the task of setting the odds of winning or losing the Civil War • Look at the advantages and disadvantages for both sides • Make a prediction and explain your prediction
Lets look at some key figures in the Civil War before we talk about the details of the War • Who is this man in the background? • Abraham Lincoln—President of the United States • How did his election lead South Carolina to secede from the Union?
South: The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens
North: Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside William T. Sherman
South: The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee
Civil War Intro Clip A Nation goes to War
Section 1: The Civil War Begins—Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter • The Civil War begins when Confederate forces fire on FortSumter—Union outpost in Charleston, SC harbor • First Shots • Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter • Union President Lincoln does not surrender nor attack, just sends food to Union troops in fort • Confederate president Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war • fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter • Virginia Secedes • Fall of Fort Sumter unites North • Virginia unwilling to fight the South; secedes from Union • This is very important, because Virginia is the most populated state in the South, and Robert E. Lee is from Virginia • antislavery western counties secede from VA, creating the state of West Virginia • Three more states secede—Arkansas, Tennessee, and N Carolina • Border states remain in Union—Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
Union Confederacy Border slave states that stayed in Union
Americans Expect a Short War Union and Confederate Strategies • Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, and railroads • Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals, motivation • Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South • blockade Southern ports • divide Confederacy in two in west • capture Richmond, Confederate capital • Confederate strategy: defense, invade North if opportunity arises
Overviewofthe North’sCivil WarStrategy: “Anaconda”Plan
Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) • Bull Run—first battle, Manassas, VA.; Confederate victory • This battle shows both sides that the war will not be short. • Conf. General Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle (Lee’s “Right-Hand Man”)
Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia • The first battle was an important Confederate victory. Manassas shows that the war was going to be very long and difficult for both sides.
Nice Day for a Picnic? • People, including Senators from Washington D.C. came to the area to relax, watch the fight, and picnic. • What they saw caused them to panic and scramble home in a disorganized chaos.
Thomas Stonewall Jackson • “Look, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!, Rally around the Virginians boys.” General Bernard Bee N.C.
Union Armies in the West • Battle for Forts Henry and Donelson • General Ulysses S. Grant—brave, tough, decisive Union commander in West • Feb. 1862, Grant captures Confederate Forts Henry & Donelson • Battle of Shiloh • April 1862, Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh, TN • Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; 1,000s dead, wounded, battle ends in a draw • Shiloh teaches preparation needed; Confederacy vulnerable in West
Glow in the dark wounds… • Seventeen year old Bill Martin was visiting Shiloh, a Civil War battlefield, and heard tales of soldiers whose wounds glowed with an eerie light. • Bill's mom happens to be Phyllis Martin, a microbiologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville, Maryland. She studies a soil bacterium called P. Luminescens that glows pale blue. • So Bill and his friend, John Curtis, did historical research and found that the bacterium could indeed have lived in the conditions at Shiloh.
A Revolution in Warfare • Ironclads – What is an Ironclad? • New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut • Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning • March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw • New Weapons • Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets • Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines are used • Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage in infantry attacks
Weapons of Mass Destruction • Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards.
Destruction from Artillery • In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power. • Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!. • Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards.
The War for the Capitals • “On to Richmond” • Union General McClellan waits to attack Richmond • Spring 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army • Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days’ Battle; Union leaves Richmond area • The confederacy in the east is very successful, even though they are outnumbered, and outmatched Lee McClellan
The War for the Capitals • Antietam • Lee wins the Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Lee, McClellan clash at Antietam—bloodiest single-day battle in American History!!!!!!! • Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue (Sept 17, 1862) • Lincoln fires McClellan
Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 26,000 casualties
Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland • Bloody battle in Maryland resulted in a tie and Robert E. Lee’s army has to retreat back into Virginia. Lee attacked the north because he needed a victory on northern soil.
Section 2: The Politics of War • By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war • Frees slaves in Confederate areas only • Does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave states in Union • Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life • Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other
Lincoln’s attempt to preserve the Union: • President Lincoln suspendshabeas corpus: • order to bring accused to court, explain charges • Lincoln uses this to arrest disloyal Union citizens and hold them w/o trial • Arrested Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating peace
Section 3: Life During Wartime Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides • Lives on the Lines • Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in camp • Andersonville—worst Confederate prison, in Georgia • has no shelter, sanitation; 1/3 of prisoners die
Andersonville • Confined more than 33,000 Union prisoners, of which more than 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, or exposure to the elements
Section 4: The North Takes Charge Chancellorsville, Virginia • Stonewall Jackson loses his life after achieving one of the greatest military maneuvers of the Civil War at Chancellorsville, in Virginia. Last meeting between General Stonewall Jackson and General Robert E. Lee.
