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MICROBIOLOGY – ALCAMO

MICROBIOLOGY – ALCAMO. Chapter 18 – Resistance and the Immune System. Defense Mechanisms. ___________________________ Come about in response to a particular parasite Directed solely at that parasite ___________________________ Exists in all humans Present from the earliest time of life.

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MICROBIOLOGY – ALCAMO

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  1. MICROBIOLOGY – ALCAMO Chapter 18 – Resistance and the Immune System

  2. Defense Mechanisms • ___________________________ • Come about in response to a particular parasite • Directed solely at that parasite • ___________________________ • Exists in all humans • Present from the earliest time of life

  3. Nonspecific Resistance • Depends on the _________ of the individual and __________________ of body systems • Factors involved: • _________ • Fatigue • _________ • Sex • _________

  4. Nonspecific Resistance • Species Immunity – diseases affecting __________________________ _______________________ • This type of immunity is based on • __________________ differences • __________________ differences • __________________ differences • Example – chickens are resistant to anthrax because their body temperature is higher than ours (450 C)

  5. Nonspecific Resistance • ___________________________ – exist among various peoples of the world – way of life • Example – India in 1700’s, people did not keep water in their houses, so mosquitoes couldn’t breed and spread malaria

  6. Nonspecific Resistance • ___________________________ – reflect the evolution of resistant humans • Example – people in Africa with sickle cell anemia do not get malaria because the parasite can not enter the distorted RBC’s

  7. Mechanical Barriers • __________________ membranes that extend into our body cavities • Disease is rare unless these barriers __________________ • But, skin is penetrated every day: • _________ • _________ • _________

  8. Mechanical Barriers • Associated defense chemicals: • ____________ – stomach and vaginal tract • _____________ (lysozyme) - in human tears and saliva – digest Gram + bacteria • __________ – from the gall bladder • _____________ – proteins produced by cells in response to viruses

  9. Cellular Protection • ________________________– Metchnikoff (1884, Ukraine) • Involves cells called phagocytes: • Chemical attraction (__________) occurs between the MO and the phagocyte • Phagocyte invaginates and pinches in to form a ____________ • _____________ fuses with a lysosome that has digestive enzymes and acidic pH to _______________ • Waste materials are __________

  10. Cellular Protection • __________________ – Ameba-Like • Surround and digest MOs

  11. Phagocytosis Video (1 minute) Dnatube video - phagocytosis

  12. Inflammation

  13. Inflammation • Nonspecific _______________________ to tissue damage • Can be due to an _________, blow to the skin, bee venom, UV radiation, MO’s • Signs of inflammation: • _________ – red coloration from blood • _________ – warmth from heat of blood • _________ – swelling from fluids • _________ – pain to the local nerves

  14. Inflammation • An __________________ into motion a process that will limit the extent of the __________ and __________ tissue damage • ____________________________________– flow of plasma into the tissue and fluid accumulation • _______________ (neutrophils and macrophages) enter the injured area to attack the irritant • Pus accumulates and can form an ____________ or boil

  15. ____________ = Dead WBC, MOs and Tissue • Greatly stimulated by _____________Cells

  16. Fever • Abnormally high body ___________ • The brain’s hypothalamus region maintains a body temperature of about __________ • Exposure to “______________” resets the thermostat higher • Fever ______________________of certain MO’s

  17. Fever . • Useful, Up to a point! • ________________ sensitive to heat, so are we • Permanent Damage/Death _________ • Treat to lower fever @ 102, call doctor

  18. Complement System • 11 small blood (___________) proteins made in the liver • Help _____________ and ______________ to clear MO’s from an organism • Attack anything with a cell _____________

  19. Complement System • Actions of Complement: • __________________________________ • Attracts phagocytes • __________________________________ • Stimulated by ______________ ___________ activity

  20. Natural Killer (NK) Cells • Unique group of _________________ that roam the body in blood and lymph • Type of ___________________________ • Kill __________________ and virus-infected cells before the ________________ system is activated • They kill cells by releasing small ______________________________ of proteins that cause the target cell to die

  21. Two Natural Killer Cells Attack a Cancer Cell

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