Islam and the Islamic Empires

1. Islam and the Islamic Empires

2. IslamAn Abrahamic Religion • Muslims are strict monotheists. • They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they callAllah. • Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

3. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

4. Some Definitions • ISLAM: The “Yoke” or submission to the will of God • MUHAMMAD: The prophet of Islam • MUSLIM: A follower if Islam • ARAB: An ethnic/linguistic group centered on the Arabian peninsula, with members throughout the Middle East and North Africa. Majority are Muslim, minority are Christian. • ARABIC: The language of Arabs and of the Qur'an

5. Arabia in the Sixth Century • Most Arabs were Bedouins – nomadic people of the desert • A tribal society – constant wars between clans • Mecca was a major caravan city • The majority of Arabs were polytheists • Idols of gods contained in the Ka’aba

6. The Prophet Muhammad 570-632 • Born in Mecca , orphaned at an early age • Raised by his uncle • Worked for a camel caravan company • Married his boss—Khadija • At age 39, in the year 609, he received a revelation from Allah (God) during the month of Ramadan • His mission to reveal the Qur’an to the people created tension between Muhammad’s monotheism and the polytheism of the people of Mecca

7. The Birth of Islam • Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 609. The rest were revealed over the next 23 years, and compiled after his death as the Qur’an • 622 Hegira (flight)  Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina.* The beginning of the Muslim calendar • After a long and bloody war, Muhammad defeats the Meccans, purifies the Ka’aba and establishes Islam as the major religion of Arabia

8. The Qur’an • Muslims believe it contains the word of God. • 114 suras (chapters). • In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. • Written in Arabic.

9. The Five Pillars of Islam

10. 1. The Shahada • The testimony. • The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet]. 1

11. 2. The Salat • The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day:* dawn* noon* late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

12. 2. The Salat • The call to prayer by themuezzin in the minaret. • Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

13. 3. The Zakat • Almsgiving (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

14. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

15. 5. The Hajj • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

16. 5. The Hajj • Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the titlehajji to their name. 5

17. Other Islamic Religious Practices and Traditions • Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • The Hadith (traditions) account of the deeds and sayings of Muhammad • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living. • Three holiest cities in Islam:* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

18. Death of the Prophet • Muhammad died in 632 and rose into heaven from a holy rock (where Jews believe Abraham prepared the sacrifice of his son) in Jerusalem. On the site Muslims built a mosque called the Dome of the Rock. DOME OF THE ROCK, Jerusalem

19. The Dar al-Islam The Worldof Islam 1 2 3 4 5

20. Essential Question: Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many to the new religion?

21. The Spread of Islam • Easy to learn and practice. • No priesthood. • Teaches equality. • Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. • Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes. • Jihad(“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

22. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

23. Spread of Islam

24. The Islamic Caliphate • After the death of Muhammad, caliphs (leaders) controlled the Muslim world. • Most famous caliphates: the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty. • Umayyad capital city: Damascus (in Syria). Abbasid capital: Baghdad (in Iraq).

25. Battle of Tours, 732 ce • Muslims expand across North Africa, into Spain • Islam threatens to take over Christian Europe!!! • Battle of Tours, 732 ce • Charles Martel, king of the Franks, defeats the Muslims, which stops their expansion into Europe

26. Sunnis vs. Shi’ites • Sunnis • The caliph may be elected from the Muslim community. • Shi’ites (Shia) • The caliph must be a descendant of the family of Muhammad • Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali is assassinated in 651 • The Shia Ali (partisans of Ali) have never accepted the rule of the succeeding Sunni caliphs • The Shia are a minority in the Muslim world(10-15% worldwide, but 39% in Middle East); a majority only in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and Azerbaijan

27. The Rise of Islamic Empires in the Middle East, Europe, and India

28. The Rise of The Ottoman Empire

29. The Rise of the Ottoman Turks • Under Osman Bey (1258-1326) the Ottomans, a semi-nomadic Turkic people created an empire that would expand rapidly and survive until 1923. • They expanded the empire into the Balkans, where young Christian boys became slaves of the Sultan and served as Janissaries. • In 1453 Under Sultan Mehmet II,(1451-1481) they besieged and conquered Constantinople, (renamed Istanbul) which ended the Christian Byzantine Empire.

30. Constantinople becomes Instanbul • Churches like Haghia Sophia were transformed into mosques, though many Christian features remain.

31. Ottoman rule • In the conquered territories, the Turks faced hostile populations of Jews, Catholics, Orthodox Christians and even Muslims. • The Turks allowed everyone to practice whatever religion they wanted as long as they paid taxes. • They managed a vast, culturally diverse empire through the Janissary Army and Civil Service.

32. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) • Empire at its peak, included the Balkans, Greece, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. • In 1529 he attacked Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire • He had many challenges • Mostly from the Safavid Empire (the Shi’ite Persians)

33. How Did Ottomans Exercise Power? • Center of Power – in Istanbul—the Topkapi Saray • A fortress, sanctuary, and shrine • Laid out by Mehmed II • Outer walls and inner walls with Inner palace in deep interior—palace housed treasury, a library, and the sultan’s pavillion • Inner court closed to all but state officials – visitors confined to outer court • Around the edges, secret hideaway spots for the Sultan’s harem

34. Ottoman Power • Topkapi Palace housed 10 mosques, 14 bathhouses, 2 hospitals, 2,000 women and 4,000 horses • Sultan housed in sacred spaces with relics of the prophet Muhammad – controlled the institutions and sacred places related to Sunni Islam • Externally—law code, tolerance, military power, still profited from spice trade, tribute from Europeans • Internally—palace often ruled by eunuchs and concubines, as well as sultan’s mother, but more rational than many Europeans believed

36. Safavid Empire • Created by the young Shah Ismail (1501-1524). • Ismail established “Twelver Shiism” as the state religion (belief that twelfth imam would be the leader of all Islam. • Defeated by the Ottomans at the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 • Like Ottomans, benefitted from trade across Eurasia • Ruled through a hereditary class of fighters – the Qizilbash

37. Shah Abbas • Expanded the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629 • Created capital at Isfahan • Won gains in the caucuses and central Asia, expelled the Portuguese from Hormuz • Insisted that everyone practice Shi’ite version of Islam – left no room for religious pluralism – even though most people they governed were not originally Shi’ites

38. The Mughal Empire • Babur, claiming descent from Chinggis Khan, started to conquerIndia in 1523 and took Delhi in 1526. • He founded a ruling dynasty known as the Mughal, the Persian word for Mongols

39. Early Mughal Rulers – Babur (1483-1530)

40. Early Mughal Rulers – Humayun – Babur’s Son

41. Legacy of Humayun (1508-1556) • Faced many obstacles-mostly from brothers • Consolidated Rule • Interested in Science and Astrology • Died falling down stairs from library carrying books • Picture—Humayun with Babur

42. Akbar – Humayun’s Son (1556-1605) • Created a centralized state • He encouraged art and architecture. • Continued to expand the Empire into Gujarat and Bengal • encouraged toleration of Hindus

43. Akbar’s Palace – Fatehpur Sikri

44. Jahangir (1569-1627 • Ruled from 1605-1627 after father-Akbar-died • Very well educated, spoke 4 languages • He had little interest in India • Emphasized Sunni Islam • He married a Persian – Nur Jahan and let her run the country – she had been a widow in his court • More interested in drinking and smoking opium than ruling

45. Nur Jahan – Power Behind the Throne • Persian – gave positions in government to all her male relatives • Tough ruler • Good businesswoman–encouraged trade and industry-manufactured perfume, cosmetics • Owned ships she used for commercial endeavors • Wrote poetry under the name Makhifi

46. Shah Jahan • Jahangir’s son • Basically imprisoned Nur Jahan until she died (she had backed his brother) • He ruled from 1628-1657. • Built the Peacock throne and the Taj Majal. • Built the Taj Majal as a monument to his wife when she died in childbirth in 1631.

47. Peacock Throne

48. Taj Majal

49. Rebellion of Aurangzeb • Defeats Father - Shah Jahan in 1658 and becomes emperor. • Ruled until 1707. • He actively tries to conquer all of India and got most of it except the South.