Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO 2 Reduction

1. Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction Gou-Chung Chi Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University

2. Outline • Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2 Emissions Situation • Materials for Energy and the Environment • Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan • Future Prospects

3. Ⅰ. Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2 Emissions Situation General Information of Taiwan • Area：36,000 km2 • Population：22.61 millions • GDP： US$ 355.583 billion • GDP per capita： US$ 15,223 • Exports： US$ 178.320 billion • Imports： US$ 169.225 billion • Taiwan’s industries rank globally • #1 provider of chip foundry services, with 70% of the market worth $9.1 billion • #1 provider of notebook PCs, with 72% of the market worth $24 billion INER Reference：Ministry of Economic Affairs 2007 (2006 data)

4. Comparison of Energy Structure Taiwan Japan Germany Reference : 1.Energieversorgung für Deutschland 2006 2.INER, BOE Data, Taiwan 3.APEC Energy Database

5. Comparison of CO2 Emission indicators Reference : 1.IEA key world energy Statistics 2007 2.IMF Data and Statistics

6. The Challenges of CO2 reduction in Taiwan • Climate Change • The CO2 emission ranking of Taiwan is 20th. • Energy and Industry Structure • The trend of energy supply is unfavorable for reducing CO2 emission due to the “nuclear-free home land” policy. • The dependence on foreign energy supply is very high (98%).

7. Development of Energy Technology with Low CO2 Emission 100% Coal (+ Methane hydrate) (+ CO2 Capture and sequestration) • Marine energy park (Wind + Solar + Biomass) • Deep sea water utilization • (OTEC+ Cooling) • Biofuel • Geothermal • 100% renewable energy in offshore island • IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestration • Methane hydrate (No IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestration currently) 100% Renewable /New energy

8. Energy Type Estimated Capacity (GW) Energy Capacity (PJ/y) Percentage of Primary Energy (%) Wind Power 3~30 28~280 0.7~6.7 Solar Energy 12~120 56~560 1.3~13.4 Bio-energy (bio-waste+bio-ethanol+bio-diesel) 20 Geothermal Energy >7.5 >236 >5.7 Ocean-thermal Gradients 3~25 84~787 2.3~18.9 Taiwan’s Advantages in Developing Renewable and Hydrogen Energy Technology • Ample renewable energy resources • Strong manufacturing capabilities for cost-down production of hydrogen energy equipment • Strong commitments to renewable and hydrogen energy R&D

9. Ⅱ. Materials for Energy and the Environment

10. Application of Clean Energy and Environmental Technology Primary Energy Core Technology System Application MOCVD High Efficiency Solar Cell kW~GWSystem Community PECVD Solar Energy Thin Film Solar Cell Building Materials kW System Electricity Quantum Dot Solar Cell < 100W System 3C Hydrogen Production/Storage Water Splitting Hydrogen Storage System for FCV Transportation MOF Hydrolysis Fermentation Genetic Engineering Biothanol Bio Energy kW~GWSystem Nanosized Ceramic Powder Atmospheric Plasma Spray SOFC Fossil Fuel SIGCC

11. Efficiency Isc Voc Ⅲ. Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan Solar Water Splitting 2007-2009 2010-2012 2013-2014 2015 – 2020 Single-junction pc-silicon thin film PEC device C-silicon bulk PEC device Photochemical: PEC Multiple junctions a-Si / pc-Si thin film PEC device Commercialization at cost of 0.2 USD/Kg H2 Chemical conversion processefficiency :EC 5% 10% 15% COST N/A 20 USD/kg 2 USD/kg 1. Pt Size < 10nm 2. Pt Density 3. Macroporous surface 4. Surface oxidation (SiO2) 5. Higher shottkey barrier (Solar Cell structure) Solar Water Splitting Voc > 1.23 eV Syntheses of Pt nanoparticles by physical or wet chemical methods Si thin film electrode

12. Current Status of MOF Research for Hydrogen Storage • MOF (metal organic framework) has large pore volume, high specific surface area and a network of pore channels with well-defined hydrogen occupation sites ;and is promising for hydrogen storage. • Bridge-building enhances hydrogen adsorption through spillover. • The maximum hydrogen adsorption capacity at room temperature and 6.9 MPa can reach 4.7 wt%. 3-D network of pore channel SEM image of MOF cubic crystals Comparison of hydrogen uptake for MOFs with and without bridge-building. Hydrogen storage cartridge for bridged-MOFs Bridge-building reducing energy barrier for spillover

13. Development of Advanced Ceramic Components of SOFC Atmospheric plasma spraying system LSGM Nano YSZ (8~20nm) and Ni(20~40nm) Ni Substrate LSCF(20~40m) LSGM(45~65m) Nanostructured YSZ+Ni Anode (15~25m) Ni Substrate (1.0~1.2mm) SEM cross sectional view of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSCF I-V-P performance of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSC Plasma sprayed SOFC MEA

14. Ⅲ-Ⅴ Solar Cell Technology Development Layer structure Self-designed triple junction solar cell The efficiency of self-designed solar cell has achieved 31% in 2006. 5.8 cm Cell Pattern Tested by INER Self-designed Ⅲ-Ⅴ solar cell has an efficiency of 31% under 72 suns. Wafer diced into cells and expanded on the blue tape Designed by INER 14

15. Cellulosic Ethanol Development • FEEDSTOCK algae miscanthus bagasse rice straw Ferment-able Sugars Fermen-tation Process • PROCESS Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic Biomass Cellulose Pre-treatment Process Enzyme Process • TARGET Pilot plant (1 tons/day) Mini-scale plant (10kg/batch) Bench scale (400g/batch) Lab scale 2005 2006 2007 2009 Year

16. A Conceptual Marine Energy Park Land accretion along the seashore to create a new energy industry zone • Cellulose-to-ethanol transformation plants using feedstock from on-site algae and electricity from on-site green power • Connecting innovative design of wind turbines foundations to form an underwater pasture for algae, fishes, or shellfishes (see next page) • High-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) power-generation systems at park and solar energy panels with new thin-film materials mounted at wind turbine monopole • Off-shore anti-typhoon design wind turbines with new blade materials of improved strength-mass ratio and with lighter components

17. Thin-film solar panels Large size algae cultivation using high strength fiber cordage High density polyethylene (HDPE) cultivation net cage A Conceptual Underwater Pasture Combined with Wind and Solar Power Applications

18. Ⅳ. Future Prospects • Taiwan is willing to share responsibility in addressing the problem of global climate change under the principle of fairness and justice. • Using advanced materials and clean energy technologies to ensure Taiwan’s energy security and to reduce the impact on the environment. • Any GHG emission reduction approach should consider the global competitiveness of Taiwan’s industries. Reference：Conclusion from Executive Yuan Energy Policy and S&T Development Steering Committee

19. CO2 Emission (M tons) GDP (100million US$) 500 16000 450 12000 400 350 8000 300 1.Mid-term target plus high share of SIGCC & renewables 2.Reduce to 2005 level 250 4000 200 150 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Mid-term Target Long-term Target GDP Long-term Target of CO2 Reduction -Reduce to 2005 Level

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