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Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future: Clean Coal, CO 2 Sequestration,

Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future: Clean Coal, CO 2 Sequestration, and the EOR Prize in the Gulf Coast and Permian Basin. William A. Ambrose April 24, 2007. Bureau of Economic Geology John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin.

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Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future: Clean Coal, CO 2 Sequestration,

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  1. Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future: • Clean Coal, CO2 Sequestration, • and the EOR Prize in the • Gulf Coast and Permian Basin William A. Ambrose April 24, 2007 Bureau of Economic Geology John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin

  2. Acknowledgments Gulf Coast Carbon Center Publication was authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin

  3. Acknowledgments • Mark H. Holtz • Vanessa Núñez-López • Susan D. Hovorka • Ian J. Duncan

  4. Outline ● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● Coal Resources, Economy, and Impact ● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy ● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin

  5. Recent increases in Global CO2 Mauna Loa, Hawaii CO2 Concentration (ppm) Source: Dave Keeling and Tim Whorf (Scripps Institute)

  6. Anthropogenic CO2The Gulf Coast “Wedge” 14 GT 12 Historical Forecast 10 8 Annual Emissions 6 Other U.S. states 4 2 Gulf Coast (TX, LA, MS) 0 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031 2034 2037 2040 2043 2046 2049 2052 Data from CDIAC and EIA websites

  7. Stabilization Triangle CO2 Atmospheric Stabilizationat ≤ 2x Pre-Industrial Level Modified from Socolow et al. (2004) Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 21 Business as usual 14 850 ppm trajectory 7 500 ppm trajectory Flat=act now 1954 2004 2054 2104 2154 2204 500 ppm trajectory: Avoid 175 Gt of Carbon emissions

  8. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year Flat path 1954 2004 2054

  9. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #1: Energy Efficiency Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 1 2 billion cars with fuel economy of 60 mpg Flat path Natural gas 70 mpg 1954 2004 2054 American RoadsterTM

  10. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #2: Fuel Shift Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 2 1400, 1-GW coal plants replaced by gas plants Flat path 1954 2004 2054 New York Power Authority

  11. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #3: CCS Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 3 CO2 Capture/Storage At 800 1-GW coal plants Flat path 1954 2004 2054 Wabash River IGCC Power Plant

  12. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #4: Nuclear Fission Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 4 700 1-GW plants (2x current) Flat path 1954 2004 2054 Nuclear Energy Institute

  13. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #5: Renewable Power Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 5 2,000,000 1-MW-peak windmills (50x current) Flat path 1954 2004 2054 Danish Wind Energy Association

  14. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #6: Forests and Soils Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 6 Zero deforestation by 2054 Instead of 0.5GtC/yr; 4,000,000 ha (40,000 km2) new trees (temperate zone) Flat path 1954 2004 2054 SUNY Stonybrook

  15. Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges” Wedge #7: Biomass Fuel Gigatons Carbon Emitted per year 7 150x Brazil or US ethanol program; 150 million ha cropland (1,500,000 km2) Flat path 1954 2004 2054 Union of Concerned Scientists

  16. Oil and Gas (USGS) Coal (USGS) Brine Aquifers >1000m U.S. CO2 Sources and Sinks Data Compilation: BEG Gulf Coast Carbon Center

  17. US CO2 Sources and Sinks Power Plants Pure CO2 sources Oil and Gas (USGS) Coal (USGS) Brine Aquifer> 1000m Sources: Gulf Coast Carbon Center Dooley (2005)

  18. Outline ● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● Coal Resources and Economic Impact ● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy ● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin

  19. Alternatives Estimates of 21st century World energy supplies Billion barrels oil equivalent Billion barrels oil equivalent yr-1 Coal Natural Gas Oil 2100 1900 2000

  20. World Energy Fuel Distribution Quadrillion (1015) Btu USDOE

  21. U. S. Energy Fuel Distribution CEED 2002 Generation (million MWh) Coal Nuclear 31 Oil Hydro 15.5 Nat. Gas Renewable/Other 3.1 Courtesy NRG

  22. U. S. Coal Resources (Billion Tons) Recoverable at Active Mines 19.4 Estimated Recoverable Modified from EIA (2004) 275.1 Measured and Indicated 507.7 Identified (Measured, Indicated, Inferred) 1,730.9 Coal Production in 2005 ~1.1 Billion Tons Total (Identified, Undiscovered) 3,968.3

  23. US Coal-Fired Capacity Additions MW 159 Plants 96 GW $141 Billion Operational Proposed

  24. Outline ● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● Coal Resources and Economic Impact ● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy ● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin

  25. Traditional Pulverized CoalPower Generation Pollutants (500 MW Plant Yr-1) ● Nitrogen oxides (NOx): 10,200 tons ● Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): 10,000 tons ● Mercury (Hg): 170 pounds ● Arsenic (As): 225 pounds ● Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd): 114 pounds, 4 pounds ● Carbon Monoxide (CO): 720 tons ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 3,700,000 tons http://healthandenergy.com Union of Concerned Scientists (2007)

  26. Decline in Emissions US Coal-Fired Plants Electricity from coal % Change since 1970 NOx SO2 Particulates EIA (2003), EPA (2004)

  27. Tampa IGCC Power Plant Clean CoalPower Generation Coal O2 Steam H2O ● Gasification: Injection of heat, air or O2 into a gasifier under high pressure ● 385 gasifiers worldwide in 2004 ● 49% use coal; 36% use petroleum residuals Syngas ● Syngas product (mainly CO, H2) Slag ● Syngas processed to remove contaminants Texaco Gasifier

  28. Combustion Turbine Steam SteamTurbine Syngas Electricity Steam H CO2 Sulfur Removal H Shift Reactor CO2 Particulate Removal Sulfur Slag/Soot Solids Co-products Modified from Eastman Chemical FutureGenDecarbonizedCoal Gasification Oxygen Coal Petroleum Coke Refinery Co-products Gasifier CO2 Separation: Solvent Absorption Solid Adsorption Membranes

  29. FutureGen ● 275-MW, near-zero- emission gasifier ● Flexible fuel source ● Produces electricity, H2, >1MMT CO2 per year ● CO2 , H2 pipelines ● Sequester ≥90% CO2 ● Protocols for CO2 measuring, monitoring, and verification ● Stacked storage -EOR -Deep brine-bearing fm. BEG (2006)

  30. Decarbonized Coal Benefits • Environment: • Benefits of capturing and storing CO2, a major greenhouse gas. • Energy: • CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), hydrogen. • Economy: • Wellhead value, taxes, infrastructure development, jobs.

  31. Wabash River IGCC Power Plant Capture, Transport, Storage: $20 to $25 per metric ton Additional 1-2¢ per kWh (baseline = 4¢ per kWh) Stephens (2005) Decarbonized Coal:CO2 Yield and Costs Fruitland Formation, Colorado 1 Ton of coal = 3 Tons of CO2 http://cbll.net/articles/coal-question

  32. Outline ● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● Coal Resources and Economic Impact ● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy ● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin

  33. Emissions and Storage Texas emits ~700 million metric tons annually. The U. S. emits ~5,700 million metric tons annually. ~700 million metric tons of minimum CO2storage exists in the Texas Gulf Coast from EOR. ~220 billion metric tons of CO2could be stored by filling 1% of the brine volume in sandstones from Alabama to the Mexico border (37,000 km3, 4000-12,000 ft depth).

  34. SE US Potential For Stacked Storage Potential Frio Injection Zone Galloway and others, 1982 Carbonate dominated units

  35. Worldwide CO2 Storage Potential Deep Brine Aquifers: 2,200-10,000 Gt Depleted Oil and Gas Fields: 740-1,850 Gt Prospectivity High Moderate None 2000 mi Bradshaw and Dance, 2004 Parson and Keith, 1998

  36. CO2 Storage Capacity vs. Effectiveness Homogeneous Wave-dominated delta Galloway and Hobday (1983) Heterogeneous Middle Frio Fm. Stratton field Ambrose (2000)

  37. Outline ● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● Coal Resources and Economic Impact ● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy ● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin

  38. United States CO2 EOR • 2 Bcf/day (~35 MMTY of CO2 currently injected for EOR, largely in the Permian Basin. • Annual US oil consumption is ~7 BSTB and annual oil production is ~3.2 BSTB. • Current US CO2 EOR production is ~206 MBOPD, 7.5 MMBOPY: 4% of US production 66 active projects, 50 in the Permian Basin.

  39. Bituminous Lignite Miscible CO2-EOR Potential: 4.7 BBbl in Gulf Coast Holtz and others (2005) USGS (2007)

  40. Miscible CO2 EOR Resource Potential in the Gulf Coast Holtz and others (2005) 4,714 3,027 Oil EOR Potential (MMbbl) 1,500 98 89 TX GOM AL LA MS Total

  41. Objectives SACROC ● Long-term CO2 injection Claytonville Field ● Baseline CO2 monitoring ● Reservoir Characterization ● 3-D Seismic Data, VSP ● Groundwater Analysis DOE Southwest Partnership Phase 2 Pilot Sites

  42. SACROC* and Claytonville Field Modified from Galloway and others (1983)

  43. SACROC CO2 Injection and Production ●13 million tons of CO2 injected in 51 wells ● 6 million tonsof CO2 produced in 119 wells ● EUR 57%of 2.16 Bbbl OOIP (Kelly-Snyder Field) CO2 Injection wells CO2 Production wells 1 mi 1 mi

  44. Spatial distribution of Reservoir Properties and CO2 Porosity Permeability Pressure Temperature CO2 1980 CO2 2020

  45. Summary • Clean coal benefits: Hydrogen, Reduced CO2, EOR • Total US coal resource: 3,968 Billion Tons • Wide variety of miscible CO2-EOR plays in Gulf Coast and Permian Basin Holtz and others (2005) BEG (2006)

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