Journey to Freedom: African-American Movement North

1. Next Northern Movement Black Exodus Great Northern Drive Great Migration

2. Home Back Next The movement of African-Americansto the North has many names. The movement started after the Emancipation Proclamationand grew stronger in the 20th Century. The experiences of African-Americans,not the historical dates,is what is important in this story.The story is “read” by examiningimages (photographs & drawings)which were created by peoplewho were alive at the time. Your task is to record yourobservations and thoughtsabout the imagesin your Freedom Journal. At the end of each sectionyou will be reminded to writeyour reflection.

3. Photograph - Slave Family Photograph - Slave Auction Photograph - Working in Cotton Field Photograph - Slave Pen Photograph - Slave Store Home Back Next Before considering African-Americanmovement to the Northtake a moment tolook at some images of slavery.

4. Home • Emancipation Proclamation • End of the Civil War • Reconstruction • PUSHED from the South • PULLED to the North • Life in the North Home Back Next Shall Be . . .Forever Free Images of conditions that caused the Great Migration CLICK ONE

5. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Part 1 Emancipation Proclamation

6. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next On January 1, 1863,about half-way throughthe Civil War,Abraham Lincoln signedthe Emancipation Proclamationwhich begins with the words: “. . .all persons held as slaves . . . shall be . . . forever free . . .”

7. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged hope among slaves. Next you will examine a drawing titled “Emancipation” by Thomas Nast, an artist during Civil War times. The following diagram will help you understand the drawing.

8. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next The Drawing is a Timeline with 3 Sections On this side Mr. Nast predicts African-American life AFTER the Emancipation Proclamation The center shows a free African-American family AT THE TIME OF the Emancipation Proclamation On this side Mr. Nast shows slave life BEFORE the Emancipation Proclamation

9. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Click on the for descriptions of the drawing. ? Home Back Next Emancipation - by Thomas Nast ? ? ? Runaway salves are hunted down in a swamp. Woman holds the olive branch of PEACE and the scales of JUSTICE. ? ? Free black family rejoices because of the Emancipation Proclamation. Man is sold at a slave auction without his wife and children. Black mother sends her children to free public school. ? ? ? Female slave is beaten whileher husband is branded. Free black man receives his pay from a cashier. Abraham Lincoln, U.S. President andauthor of the Emancipation Proclamation.

10. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Your Reflections on the ‘Emancipation Proclamation’ 1. You have viewed images of : Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and Thomas Nast’s timeline drawing . • Now go the Emancipation Proclamation reflectionspage in your Freedom Journal. 3. Write your reflections on John Nast’s Emancipation Proclamationdrawing. (Go back to the image when writing.)

11. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Part 2 End of the Civil War

12. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph - Confederate Money Crossing the North Edisto - By William Waud Photograph - by Russell Lee Close Close Close Home Back Next The War Left The South In Ruin Click to find out more. Property Money Confederate money became worthlesswhen the South lost the war. This meant that many Southerners were in poverty when the was ended. Travel Farmland and buildings in the Southwere destroyed in the battles of the war. This chimney and foundation is all that remains of a wealthy plantation home. Roads, railroad tracks and bridges were destroyed. When it is hard to travel from place to place it becomes difficult to conduct business.

13. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Mustered Out - by Alfred R. Waud Home Back Next The following drawing by Civil War artist Alfred R. Waud, sometimes called “Mustered Out”, shows African-American Soldiers celebrating and greeting their families as they return home at the end of the war.

14. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Celebration of Abolition in Washington, D.C. by F. Dielman Home Back Next The next drawing by Civil War artist F. Dielman shows a celebration of the abolition of slavery in Washington D.C. about one year after the war ended.

15. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Reflections on the ‘End of the Civil War‘ 1. You have viewed images of: The South at the end of the Civil War, Alfred Waud’s “Mustered Out” and F. Dielman’s “Celebration in Washington, D.C. • Now go the ‘End of the Civil War’ reflections page in your Freedom Journal. • Write your reflections on one of the images listed above. (Go back to the image when writing.)

16. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Part 3 Reconstruction

17. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Close Close Close Home Back Next The Reconstruction Act Click to find out more. Whatwasit? Reconstruction had two main goals: 1. To help rebuild the South 2. To help Southern whites and blackslive in freedom peacefully. At first Reconstruction seemed like it was working. As time went by too many problems came up. After 10 years Reconstruction was over. It had failed. The Reconstruction Act was a plan written by Congress to help restore the South after the devastation of the Civil War. Whydoit? Diditwork?

18. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North The Freedmen’s Bureau - A.R. Waud Home Back Next One reason Reconstruction seemed to be working at first was the Freedmen’s Bureau. It was formed to teach ex-slaves to read and write and to help them find jobs. The next drawing by Alfred R. Waud, is titled “The Freedmen’s Bureau”. In this drawing the man in the middlerepresents the Freedmen’s Bureau as it tried to solve problems between white Southerners and ex-slaves. Click HERE to find out more.

19. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Drawing for Harpers Weekly Home Back Next At the beginning of Reconstruction many ex-slaves in the South were able to vote. This drawing shows an ex-slave voting for the first time. Click HERE to find out more.

20. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph - So. Carolina Legislature Home Back Next Some ex-slaves were even voted into office. This photograph shows the South Carolina legislature after the war, which clearlyincludes African-Americans. Click HERE to find out more.

21. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Reflections on ‘Early Reconstruction’ 1. You have viewed images of: The Freedmen’s Bureau. The South Carolina Legislature. • Now go the Early Reconstruction reflections page in your Freedom Journal. 3. Write your reflections on The Freedmen’s Bureau drawing. (Go back to the image when writing.)

22. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Part 4 Pushed from the South

23. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Close Close Home Back Next Two Main ReasonsAfrican-Americans Were PUSHED from the South (The same reasons reconstruction failed.) Click to find out more. Poverty Most ex-slaves in the South became sharecroppers or took menial jobs. They could not make enough money to support their families. Most white southerners believed themselves to be superior to African-Americans . Prejudice

24. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next The first reason African–Americans were PUSHED out of the South was that they could not make enough money to survive. After the Civil War most ex-slaves could only get low paying jobs. . . or they become sharecroppers.

25. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph by Arthur Rothstein Photograph by Arthur Rothstein Close Close Close Home Next Back Photograph by Ben Stahn Sharecropping seemed like a good idea at first. An ex-slave family could live on a farm, work the fields, and share the profits. It didn’t work because there were not enough profits. Sharecroppers went into debt. When they couldn’t pay their bills they were evicted. The Life a Sharecropper Click to find out more. Home Work Evicted A sharecropper family on the side of the road…evicted from the farm because they could not pay their debts. A Sharecropper’s House. A sharecropper plowing a field.

26. Photograph - Street Venders Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph - Working on a River Close Close Close Close Home Back Next Photograph - Street Venders Photograph - Drying Cotton Menial Jobs Click to find out more. RiverWork Ex-slaves that weren’t sharecroppers took menial labor jobs that paid very little wages. The work was hard and exhausting. CottonFactory StreetVendors DockWorkers Men carrying bags of riceon a shipping dock. Two men working on rafts on a river in Florida. Drying cotton at a factory Street vendors in Georgia.

27. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next The second reason African–Americans were PUSHED out of the South was due to the racism of the white southerners.The South began to pass laws that took away the freedoms of African-Americans. It became a hostile and dangerous place for ex-slaves to live.

28. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North This is a White Man’s Government - by Thomas Nast Home Next Back Click on the to find out about the next image. Written on club: “A vote”. Written on knife: “The Lost Cause”. The racism of the South can be seen in the next image by Thomas Nast, “This is a White Man’s Government”, a political cartoon that shows the prejudice of white southerners. Written on wallet: “Capital (money) for Votes” African-American on ground under the feet of white men. “CSA” belt buckle. (Confederate States of America) African-American orphanage in flames. African-American children lynched near the burning buildings.

29. Photograph - Klan Members Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Painting - Cross Burning Early Poster - Ku Klux Klan Close Close Close Home Back Next The Ku Klux Klan Click to find out more. A racist group, the Ku Klux Klan, was started by ex-Confederates after the Civil War. Their goal: Oppose Reconstruction. Their primary belief: White Supremacy. Poster Klan Dress Activities The Ku Klux Klan held midnight meetings where they promotedhatred, terrorism and set crosses on fire. They often tortured and even killed African-Americans by burning or by lynching The white robes and head coverings of theKu Klux Klan was intended to represent theghosts of Confederates who died in the Civil War. This early Ku Klux Klan poster shows a klansmen as a racist warrior, stomping on an African-American.

30. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next The South began to pass laws that took away the freedoms and rights that were won for African-Americans in the Civil War. These laws came to be known as Jim Crow Laws.

31. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Next Back The Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow was an African-American comedian and entertainer. Naming the new laws after a character he played was a further insult to African Americans. At a home for the blind: African-Americans and whites must be housed in separate buildings. Bus stations must provide separate waiting rooms for whites and African-Americans. Restaurants cannot serve both African-Americans and white people. They must serve one or the other. Railroads must provide separate cars for African-American passengers and for white passengers. Click on the flagsfor examples of Jim Crow Laws. Theatres cannot seat whites and African-Americans together. There must be separate seating areas for each. African-Americans cannot stand in the same line as whites when waiting to buy tickets to the circus. African-American and white students cannot go to the same school. Teachers who teach in a school that has both white and African-American students will be fined up to $50. An African-American barber cannot cut the hair of a white person. White and African-American children cannot be in the same classroom. An African-American cannot be taken care of by a white nurse. Once a textbook is used by an African-American student, it cannot not be used by a white student.

32. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Reflections on ‘Pushed from the South’ 1. You have viewed images of: Poverty in the South (menial jobs & sharecropping). Prejudice in the South (Ku Klux Klan & Jim Crow Laws). • Now go the Pushed from the Southreflections page in yourFreedom Journal. 3. Write your reflections on at least one of the images from ‘Pushed from the South”. (Go back to the image when writing.)

33. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Part 5 Pulled to the North

34. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Close Close Close Home Back Next Three Main ReasonsAfrican-Americans were PULLED to the North Click to find out more. The Chicago Defender The Chicago Defender was animportant and powerful African-American newspaper. It encouraged African-Americansto move to the North. It even helped themfind jobs and places to live. There were many jobs in the North because the Industrial Revolution caused many factories to be built in Northern cities. African-Americans who were living in the North encouraged those in the South to move away from the poverty and racial prejudice. Jobsin theNorth Friends &Family

35. Photograph of the First Chicago Defender Building A Chicago Defender Headline Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph of a Chicago Defender Newsboy Photograph of Robert Abbott Close Close Close Close Home Back Next The Chicago Defender Click to find out more. Robert Abbott Chicago Defender grew to become the most important black newspaper in the country. It fought for black rights and against racism. The newspaper persuaded thousands of southern blacks to migrate north. It even organized aid for travelers. Building Headline The Chicago Defender published news of the terrorism againstAfrican-Americans in the South. It urged African-Americans to moveto the North, telling them about the opportunities to overcome poverty. The first issues of The Chicago Defender were printed in the kitchen of John Abbott’s landlord. Later, as the newspaper became successful, it moved into this building in Chicago. Newsboy Robert Abbott used his last 25 cents and some borrowed money to start The Chicago Defender in 1905. He became the country’s first self-made African-American millionaire. This newsboy worked in Chicago selling The Chicago Defender on street corners.

36. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Drawing - Servant & Employer Photograph - Woman in Factory Photograph - Shoeshine Boy Photograph - Construction Crew Photograph- Men in Factory Photograph - Doing Laundry Close Close Home Next Back Jobs in the North It was true that there were many jobs available for African-Americans in the North. Some African-Americans found jobs in factories or in construction. However, many African-Americans who moved North could only get jobs that were were low-paying, menial labor. Click to find out more. IndustryJobs MenialLabor Some African-Americans could only find jobsas servants for wealthy white people.Here you see a woman washing a family’s clothes, a black man-servantand a shoeshine boy. Some African-Americans found factory and construction jobs in the North where they made enough money to support their families. This work also gave them self-confidence and hope.

37. Photograph - Family Reunited in the North Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Drawing - Effects of the Proclamation Photograph byStrohmeyer & Wyman PhotographEx-Slaves Migrating to Kansas Photograph - Ex-Slaves Migrating Photograph - Negro Exodus Close Close Close Close Close 6lose Home Next Back Moving North to Friends & Family Click to find out more. Family moving after invention of the car. Some went North after the Proclamation. Women moving to Kansas. Large family moving on a cart. Some were able to go by boat. Family reunited in the North. Many African-Americans made the decision to move to the North at the urging of friends and relatives who were already there.

38. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Your Reflections on ‘Pulled to the North’ • You have viewed images of: The Chicago Defender Jobs in the North Moving North toward Family & Friends • Now go thePulled to the North reflections pagein your Freedom Journal. 3. Write your reflections on one of the ‘Pulled to the North’ images.(Goback to the image when writing.)

39. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Part 6 Life in the North

40. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Home Back Next Life in the North was a big improvement over life in the South for many African-Americans. At the same time, others found it was difficult to get a good paying, reliable job. They lived in poverty in the North as they did in the South. They also found racial prejudice in the North that affected their everyday lives, where they could live and how much money they could make.

41. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph - Playmates Photograph - Only Negro Store Photograph by F. B. Johnston Photograph - Floorshow Photograph - Classroom Photograph - South State St. Chicago Home Back Next Some Dreams Came True in the North Click to find out more. Business Owned byAfrican-American African-Americanneighborhoodin Chicago Well-DressedWomen at aFair ChildrenwithoutPrejudice Integrated Classroom Entertainers

42. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the North Photograph - Family Photograph - Picketing for Equal Wages Photograph - Nanny & Children Photograph - Factory Work Drawing -F.R. Opper Home Next Back Photograph - Black Tenement Life Some Dreams did not Come True Click to find out more. OvercrowdedLiving Conditionsin Small Apartments Lower Wages for Blacks than for Whites Low Wages for Domestic Work Affordable Housing was Run- down Racist Poster for ChicagoWorld’s Fair Low Wagesfor FactoryWork

43. The Northward movement of African-Americans continued continued until the 1960’s, almost 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation and the end of the Civil War. The conditions in the North did not turn out to be as hoped, and African-Americans have continued to struggle for their rights as freemen. Abraham Lincoln’s words: “shall be…forever free” started a journey that continues today. A Final Thought Home Back Next

44. Emancipation Proclamation End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in theNorth Home Back Next Your Reflections on ‘Pulled to the North’ • You have viewed images of dreams that DID and DID NOT come true • Now go theLife in the North reflections pagein your Freedom Journal. 3. Write your reflections on two of the ‘Life in the North’ images… one for dreams that came true, one for dreams that didn’t.(Goback to the image when writing.)

45. Vocabulary Home Back Next abolition auction Confederate domestic work emancipate evict exodus legislature migration mustered out prejudice quest racism sharecropper tenement white supremacy

46. Home Back Written and Created by Barbara Hull Nathan Hale Middle School, Crestwood, Illinois through the sponsorship of Governors State University and The Library of Congress An Adventure of the American Mind / American Memory Collection