DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SPORT

1. DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SPORT

2. INTERNATIONAL SPORT • The industrial revolution had lead to better transport links. • Teams could now travel further afield to play and spectators could follow them. • This in turn lead to international competitions in sport.

3. EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION • Scotland v England (1872) was the first ever official international football match to be played. • The first rugby international took place on 27 March 1871, played between England and Scotland. In 1888 a British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand and the New Zealand Native team brought the first overseas team to British spectators. • In 1859, a team of England cricket players went on the first overseas tour to North America and in 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia. • The world's first international athletics match took place at the Queen's Club, London in 1894, where Oxford beat Yale. • The first modern Olympiad was held in Athens in 1896

4. Recap • Originally sport was rural and occasional with little if any rules. • Codification lead to organised sports and leagues • Improved transportation increased games and increased spectatorism.

5. AMATEURISM • This reflected the Ancient Olympian Spirit • Fair play • Team Spirit • Public schools had established their own definition of amateurism. • Physical endeavour with moral integrity

6. Fair play • Important to adhere to rules • Players discipline themselves • Acceptance of rules • Respect for decisions • Restraint in victory • Graciousness in defeat

7. AMATEURISM IN ENGLAND Had 2 distinct phases • Originally amateurs were gentlemen of upper or middle class • They played sport in the spirit of fair competition • Originally there were no problems in earning money from amateur sport • However it changed from being a social distinction to a monetary one • Working classes were excluded

8. AMATEURISM An ideal based on participating in sport for the love of it rather than for monetary gain. Participation was more important than winning • PROFESSIONALISM Engaging in a sporting activity for financial gain or as a means of livelihood. Training would be synonymous with improving standards and specialising in an activity

9. AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL SPORTS • Rowing – originally open to both but the amateurs disliked being beaten by their inferiors. The Amateur Rowing Association instigated the ‘manual labour clause’ excluding tradesmen. • Pedestrianism – an early form of race walking with much gambling • Prizefighting – patronised by the wealthy,huge sums would be wagered on outcomes. Rules loosely enforced, death not uncommon. AMATEUR PROFESSONAL

10. Rugby – developed in public schools and spread. When the working class in Northern towns adopted the game problems arose as there was no compensation for loss of wages • Rugby – In 1894 the RFU and the Northern Union split and Rugby League was formed as working class players needed to be paid for their time away from work training, playing or travelling. AMATEUR PROFESSIONAL

11. Sports with less definite distinctions • Cricket – amateurs and professionals often played together in gentlemen v players matches. Gentlemen were the amateurs and players were the professionals • Athletics – developed under amateur rules in public schools but in society there were professional circuits. Problems arose with bribery, corruption and event fixing. • Rowing – originally amateur but as winning became more important public schools employed professional watermen to coach the teams.

12. AMATEURISM INTO THE 20TH & 21stCENTURies • SHAMATEURISM – describes amateurs who would receive covert payments for playing. The setting up of trust funds tried to combat this problem. • STAMATEUR – state sponsored amateurs as was common in Eastern Bloc countries • By today amateurs can officially receive financial aid from sponsorship, trust funds, organisations such as Sport Aid and the National Lottery.