Aflatoxin Stakeholder Workshop, TFDA and Abt Associates December 3-4, Dar es Salaam Tanzania

1. Aflasafe in Africa: progress and prospects for biocontrol in aflatoxin mitigation R Bandyopadhyay, J Atehnkeng, J Augusto, F Beed, T Dubois, C Mutegi, S Boniface, V Manyong International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) D Cassidy United States Agency for International Development (USAID) P Cotty University of Arizona/USDA-ARS O Hasson, P Warrior Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation K Masha Doreo Partners M McDaniel, J Sandahl United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-FAS) J Mignouna African Agriculture Technology Foundation (AATF) Aflatoxin Stakeholder Workshop, TFDA and Abt Associates December 3-4, Dar es Salaam Tanzania

2. Perfect aflatoxin storm in sub-Saharan Africa susceptible crops susceptible climate suboptimal production systems 35o N & S

3. Aflatoxin levels in the market Kenya CDC and Kenyan Ministry of Health 2004 Mozambique Mozambique Ministry of Health 2004

4. Human health effects in Africa • acute • acute hepatic necrosis, cirrhosis, carcinoma • chronic • carcinogenic • anti-nutritional • immune-suppressive underreported unknown BBC 2004, Gong et al 2004, NIEHS 2010

5. Animal health effects in Africa aflatoxin-free diet aflatoxin diet (500 ppb) aflatoxin diet (500 ppb) aflatoxin levels in broiler feeds in Nigeria 40% reduction in live weight (8 weeks) aflatoxin-free diet IITA unpublished

6. Effect on trade Malawi, Nigeria and Senegal groundnut exports to Europe decimated EC 2007

7. Biocontrol of aflatoxins: principle 100 75 50 25 0 • “competitive exclusion principle”: • field application of atoxigenic L strain that outcompetes the toxigenic ones • shift fungal community from toxigenic to atoxigenic incidence of toxigenic strains (%) atox tox natural biocontrol

8. From Southern USA… Registered and commercialized since 2004 in the US on maize, cotton, pistachio as AF36 and Aflaguard (Syngenta) AF36 in Arizona: 590 ton in 2012 82,000 ha cotton and 100,000 ha pistachio in 2012 Routine agronomic practice across counties effective and carry-over in multiple crops over multiple years in various cropping systems AF36 manufacturing facility Arizona Cotton Research & Protection Council

9. … to Africa Nigeria 2003 biocontrol local field local production commercialization strain partners testing capacity distribution awareness biocontrol local field strain partners testing Senegal 2007 biocontrol local field strain partners testing Burkina Faso 2009 biocontrol local field strain partners testing Kenya 2004 biocontrol local strain partners Zambia 2011 biocontrol local strain partners Tanzania 2012 Mozambique 2013 Ghana 2013 Mali 2013

10. Strain selection prior to field testing step 1 step 2 step 3 sequencing (aflatoxin and CPA) isolation competition bioassays genetic profiling (SSR) VCG profiling toxin analysis

11. Pre-field selection criteria • does not produce aflatoxin • can genetically not produce aflatoxin • can genetically not produce CPA • outcompetes toxigenic strains • belongs to different clonal lineages (SSR) • VCG with wide geographic distribution in country • VCG does not contain a single toxigenic member ~12 native strains are tested in the field

12. Selection of 4 strains • selection criteria: • superior aflatoxin reduction • superior capacity to outcompete toxigenic ones 4 native strains formulated into a registered product: 10 kg ha-1 www.iita.org

13. Performance of Aflasafe in farmers’ fields B-aflatoxin reduction in maize at harvest, Senegal (2010) B-aflatoxin reduction in maize at storage, Nigeria (2010) IITA unpublished

14. Aflasafe plant in Nigeria 5 t h-1 Develop cheaper, more effective formulations and manufacturing methods compatible with Africa that can be transferred to private sector

15. Regionalization strains: regional strains (PACA) manufacturing: regional hubs registration: regional protocols Aflasafe-Nigeria Aflasafe-Senegal Aflasafe-Kenya Aflasafe-Zambia Aflasafe-Mozambique Aflasafe-West Aflasafe-East Aflasafe-South

16. How to get Aflasafe to market? • incentives are present • aggregation market access animal breeders no regulation enforcement export-oriented aggregators market demand for Aflasafe food processors large commercial farmers no demand for aflatoxin-free maize no supply of aflatoxin-free maize • ? smallholder farmers no awareness

17. AATF Abt Associates ACDI/VOCA ADA Ag Dev Program, Nigeria African Union Animal Care, Nigeria Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation COMESA Crop Research Institute, Ghana Dalberg Associates Doreo Partners DPV, Senegal ECOWAS Elephant Vert, Marocco FEPASO, Burkina Faso Government of Mozambique GIZ ICRISAT IFA-Tulln, Austria IFAR INERA, Burkina Faso KARI, Kenya Asante sana: Nigerian Mycotoxin Society NISIR, Zambia Obasanjo Farms, Nigeria PASO, Burkina Faso PCPB, Kenya PQPS, Zambia Sokoine University, Tanzania Sylvain Bio, France TFDA TPRI UNIDO Université G Berger, Senegal University of Arizona, USA University of Ibadan, Nigeria University of Bonn, Germany USAID USDA-ARS USDA-FAS US Embassy, Kenya ZARI, Zambia KEPHIS, Kenya KNUST, Ghana Livestock Feed PLC, Nigeria Maize Association of Nigeria Manufacturers Association of Nigeria Maslaha Seeds, Nigeria Meridien Institute Mikocheni, Tanzania Millennium Village Program, Nigeria Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Tanzania Ministry of Health, Nigeria NAFDAC, Nigeria NEARLS, Nigeria NEPAD Business Group Nestle Nigerian Economic Summit Group Nigerian Export Promotion Council … and of course the farmers