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?. Starter. ?. ?. What is Philosophy?. ?. ?. Introducing Philosophy. Starter. To understand and analyse how basic philosophical arguments work. BLP. Reasoning. Understand basic philosophical terms. Use the terms to identify key features of arguments.

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  1. ? Starter ? ? What is Philosophy? ? ?

  2. Introducing Philosophy Starter To understand and analyse how basic philosophical arguments work. BLP Reasoning Understand basic philosophical terms. Use the terms to identify key features of arguments. Recognise which arguments are logical and most persuasive.

  3. Terms of Art Main Components (Things an argument can be or have) Kinds of Arguments Foes & Fallacies Deductive Truth Equivocation Validity Inductive Question Begging Soundness Syllogism Argumentum ad hominem Analogy Premises Reductio ad absurdum Conclusion False Alternative Assumption Straw Man

  4. Main Apply what you have just learnt to the arguments around the room. Read each argument and write on the sheet which parts are true (and why), what kind of argument it is and whether it is guilty of any fallacies…

  5. Equivocation Deductive Main All men are wolves, All wolves eat raw meat, Therefore all men eat raw meat. Premises are true Valid All X are Y All Y are Z Therefore: All X are Z. Invalid All X are Y All R are Z Therefore: All X are Z. Invalid Wolves is used in two different senses

  6. Reductio ad absurdum Andrea is forced to admit that she thinks murder is always wrong and not always wrong (in the case of war). Andrea: It’s been proven that a foetus is a living human being. That makes abortion murder, and that means it’s always wrong. Jedward: Ok… do you think it’s ok to go to war sometimes? Andrea: Well if there were a good reason I suppose you might have to. Jedward: Right, so aborting an unborn baby is murder but asking adults to fight and risk their lives for their country and possibly kill other people is ok? Andrea: Hang on, those are two different cases….

  7. The politician addressed the crowd in front of him. “The case for going to war has been made… attacks on our country cannot be tolerated and will not be tolerated”. The crowd murmured in agreement. “We have made our position clear…” said politician as his voice grew in tone “it is now time for our international allies to face the hard truth: if they are not with us then they are against us!” The crowd in front of the politician erupted in cheers though some faces looked uneasy at what had been said. False Alternative

  8. Main The Bible is the word of God and so it can’t be doubted. In the Bible it says that God exists. Therefore: God exists.

  9. Imagine you didn’t know what ‘yes’ meant… so you go and look up the word…. Yes “The opposite of no”. No “The opposite of yes”.

  10. Mr. Bates Argument Premise 1: Walton High is the best school in the world. Conclusion: Walton High is the best school in the world.

  11. Deductive Sherlock Holmes looked thoughtful for a moment before speaking. “Well it’s clear that who ever broke into the house must know the family…” said Holmes slowly. “What! How could you possibly know that Holmes…?” exclaimed Dr. Watson. “Very simply my dear Watson”, replied Holmes “If the thief had been a stranger, the dogs would have barked. Now one of the maids who was up all night said that she heard no barking, it was quiet all evening. So the thief can’t have been a stranger…” P1. If the thief had been a stranger then the dogs would have barked. P2. The dogs did not bark. Therefore: The thief was not a stranger. If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore not P

  12. If Mr Bates is in Hu10 then he isn’t on the roof. • Mr Bates is in Hu10. • Therefore he isn’t on the roof.

  13. Induction This morning I watched the sun rise. Every day of my life the sun has risen and before I was born the sun had risen every day and there is trustworthy historical evidence that that is true. Scientists could also show us evidence that this always happened in the past. Therefore tomorrow morning the sun will rise again.

  14. Construct Your Own Argument Main • Create your own argument… • It can be on any topic… • You must make use of some the terms and ideas we have looked at today. • You should try to make it as convincing and logical as you can. • You could reflect on what makes an argument most persuasive. Swap work with the person next to you. Give their argument two stars and a wish but do it using everything that we have learnt today. Think whether you would be convinced by their argument? How would you improve it? Recognise which arguments are logical and most persuasive.

  15. Homework Plenary In no more than one paragraph write a definition of what ‘philosophy’ is using your own research. Be sure to write it in your own words. 1 Write an answer to the question ‘What makes a convincing argument?’ 2

  16. Outcomes Plenary To understand and analyse how basic philosophical arguments work. BLP Reasoning Understand basic philosophical terms. Use the terms to identify key features of arguments. • Recognise which arguments are logical and most persuasive.

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