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Classification

Classification. Taxonomy. Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. Can you classify these?. Aristotle. first person to classify organisms classified living things as plants or animals grouped animals as land dwellers

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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. Taxonomy • Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

  3. Can you classify these?

  4. Aristotle • first person to classify organisms • classified living things as plants or animals • grouped animals as • land dwellers • air dwellers • water dwellers • he groups plants into 3 groups based on their stems • his system was based on common names

  5. Why Doesn’t That System Work? • many animals that live in the same environment are more closely related to others in another environment • for example: whales are classified with fish in the water and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales are more closely related to each other as mammals • common names vary from place to place • for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane in Italian and a perro in Spanish • descriptions are not always accurate • for example: jellyfish are not fish

  6. Linnaeus • devised a system that has hierarchical categories • used morphology (form and structure) to categorize • 7 levels of organization • what we use today

  7. Linnaeus’ levels of classification • Kingdom • largest and most inclusive (there are 6 of them) • Phylum • called division in plants • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • smallest and least inclusive • only one organism type/species (eg. dog)

  8. More specifically within mammals: (there are different breeds of dogs, but they are all the same species)

  9. Binomial Nomenclature • bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= naming cloture= system • The scientific name of an organism has two parts • Genus • species

  10. Ursus maritimus U. maritimus Trachemys scripta T. scripta

  11. Writing the Scientific Name • italicized (or underlined if hand written) • genus is always capitalized • species is always lower case • eg- Panthera leo is the scientific name of a lion Canis familiaris is the scientific name of a dog Canis lupus is the scientific name of a wolf (notice the close relationship between the dog and wolf-they are in the same Genus together)

  12. Canis familiaris Canis lupus

  13. Important Vocabulary • Prokaryotic: No Nucleus – Domain Bacteria & Domain Archae • Eukaryotic: Has Nucleus – Domain Eukarya • Autotrophic: “Self-feeding” – Producers / Make own sugar.. Photo/chemo – synthesis. • Heterotrophic: “other eaters” – consumers • Locomotion: Can move from place to place. • Cell Wall: outside of cell membrane. Provides protection and shape. • Multicellular: Made up of more than 1cell (cells specialize and depend on each other.) • Unicellular: Made up of only one cell. Not dependent on others.

  14. Three Domain System • Developed by Carl Woese of the University of Illinois • A classification system based on molecular biology • * compares sequences of ribosomal RNA

  15. 3 Domain System Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria in 6 kindom system) Domain Archae (Archaebacteria in 6 kingdom syst.) Domain Eukarya (These all have Nuclei) Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protista “Archae” means ancient:Found in very hostile (acidic / hot) environments like that of ancient Earth.

  16. This shows the evolutionary relationships.

  17. Domain: Archae • prokaryotic and unicellular • have a cell wall • use cilia and / or flagella for locomotion • autotrophic and heterotrophic • many live in harsh environments like hot sulfur springs and very salty lakes • “archae” means ancient and seems to be direct descendants or very similar to the 1st organisms on Earth

  18. Domain Bacteria • prokaryotic and unicellular • have a cell wall • use cilia and / or flagella for locomotion • autotrophic and heterotrophic • “includes many bacteria that affect your life (like the ones that cause tooth decay, make foods like yogurt and cause food poisoning)

  19. Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus along with other membrane bound organelles. • Divided into 4 Kingdoms • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdome Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

  20. Domain EukaryaKingdom Protista • eukaryotic • Mostly unicellular but some multicellular • autotrophic and heterotrophic (some both) • look like plants but lack specialized tissues • include giant kelp, euglena and amoebae

  21. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi • eukaryotic • unicellular and multicellular • heterotrophic • absorb nutrients • include mushrooms, mildews and molds

  22. Domain EukaryaKingdom Plantae • eukaryotic • multicellular • autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic) • most live on land • most use photosynthesis for energy • includes mosses, ferns, trees and flowering plants

  23. Domain EukaryaKingdom Animalia • eukaryotic • multicellular • heterotrophic • symmetrical body organization • move about their environment • includes dogs, insects, birds, fish, coral…

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