- Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata - Neoptera: wings fold flat onto back

1. - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata - Neoptera: wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Phthiraptera

2. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies - adults have hairy forewings, reduced chewing mouthparts, and long antennae

3. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies - adults have hairy forewings, reduced chewing mouthparts, and long antennae - larvae eruciform (caterpillar-like) with a well-developed head, legs, and a pair of anal claws at end of abdomen. They often build cases. When the pupae is developed, it crawls out of the case, goes to surface and emerges, and adult emerges.

4. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies • Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies (263) • - small, less than 6mm long • - mesoscutellum with posterior portion triangular with steep sides • - mesoscutum without warts

5. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies • Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies • Limnephilidae – Northern Caddisflies (239) • - anal area broad • - labrum long

6. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies • Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies • Limnephilidae – Northern Caddisflies • Hydropsychidae– Net-spinning Caddisflies (151) • - ocelli absent • - mesoscutum lacks warts

7. - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata - Neoptera: wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Phthiraptera

8. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Mouthparts prolonged into a beak; four long membranous wings that are similar in venation

9. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies • Panorpidae – Common Scorpionflies (54) • - males with enlarged, bulb-like genitals • - females abdomen tapers to two apical cerci • - adults and larva eat dead insects

10. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies • Panorpidae – Common Scorpionflies • Bittacidae – Hangingflies (7) • - predaceous • - hang from vegetation and catch prey with raptorial hind legs • - males often give females a nuptial gift (prey) to entice mating

13. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies The distinguishing characteristic is 2 wings, with 2 halteres on metathorax. Great guide to families:

14. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies The distinguishing characteristic is 2 wings, with 2 halteres on metathorax. Mouthparts sucking, but modified to mopping, stabbing or reduced

15. Nematocera

17. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments

18. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies (1600) • - Adult: long thin legs and a “V-shaped” suture on the mesonotum; don’t feed • - ocelli absent

19. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies (1600) • - Adult: long thin legs and a “V-shaped” suture on the mesonotum; don’t feed • - ocelli absent • - Larvae: mostly detrivivores, some predaceous, aquatic or soil

20. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies • Ptychopteridae– Phantom Crane Flies (16) • - unmistakeble banded legs and gliding, floating flight

21. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies • Ptychopteridae– Phantom Crane Flies • Anisopodidae– Wood Gnats • - ocelli present; look a bit crane fly like • - common species have brownish wings and triangular clear areas

22. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies • Ptychopteridae– Phantom Crane Flies • Anisopodidae– Wood Gnats • Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats (700) • - mosquito-like, with reduced venation in wing; long coxae

23. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies • Ptychopteridae– Phantom Crane Flies • Anisopodidae– Wood Gnats • Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats • Sciaridae– Dark-winged Fungus Gnats (170) • - much like mycetophilids, but with dark wings • - compound eyes almost meet above antennae

24. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • Tipulidae– Crane Flies • Ptychopteridae– Phantom Crane Flies • Anisopodidae– Wood Gnats • Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats • Sciaridae– Dark-winged Fungus Gnats • Psychodidae– Moth Flies and Sand Flies (112) • - small, wings with hairs on margin and long, parallel veins; body hairy • - often in moist, shady places and drains and sewers • - sand flies bite and can transmit viral diseases in tropics (leishmaniasis in S.A.)

25. Leischmania is a trypanosome protist. 30 species infect animals; 21 of these can transmit to humans. Currently infect 12 million people

26. Cutaneous leishmaniasis at the bite site… also diffuse cutaneous (sores eropt over body – looks like leprosy) visceral and mucocutaneous (nose and mouth). New and Old World Tropics and China/Afghanistan

27. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums, “sand flies” (580) • - radial vein crowded along leading edge of wing; median vein 2-branched but hind branch weak • - females suck blood of vertebrates and some other insects

29. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums • Chironomidae– Midges (1090) • - small (1-10mm) but very abundant • - don’t bite • - metanotum with keel or furrow • - plumose antenna

30. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums • Chironomidae– Midges (1090) • - small (1-10mm) but very abundant • - don’t bite • - metanotum with keel or furrow • - larvae are aquatic and sometimes abundant and red – “bloodworms” • - detritivores, also indicative of polluted water

31. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums • Chironomidae– Midges • Simuliidae– Black Flies (165) • - black, biting flies; often hump-backed…’buffalo flies’ • - antennae short and stout…leading veins strong, posterior weak

32. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums • Chironomidae– Midges • Simuliidae– Black Flies (165) • - black, biting flies; often hump-backed…’buffalo flies’ • - antennae short and stout…leading veins strong, posterior weak • - larvae video video2

33. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums • Chironomidae– Midges • Simuliidae– Black Flies • Culicidae – Mosquitoes (166) • - wings have scales along veins like moth flies • - long proboscis

34. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Culicomorpha group • Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums • Chironomidae– Midges • Simuliidae– Black Flies • Culicidae – Mosquitoes (166) • - wings have scales along veins like moth flies • - long proboscis • - larvae aquatic Life cycle

35. EncephalitisWest Nile virus Dengue Fever Malaria Rift Valley Fever Yellow Fever Filariasis – nematode infections like elephantiasis Killed more people than all the wars in history. Malaria was the primary cause of death in tropical Africa until 1990’s and the AIDS epidemic began Anopheles carry malaria (Plasmodium protozoan) – 2 million deaths / year Aedes carry dengue and yellow - viral

36. Nematocera

37. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista

38. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) PULVILLIFORM BRISTLE-LIKE

39. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies (260) • - Radial vein branches are heavy and shifted anteriorly; costa doesn’t reach wingtip • - membrane behind closed cells has fine longitudinal wrinkles

41. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies • Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) • - upper and lower calypters large

42. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies • Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) • - upper and lower calypters large • - Postscutellum large

43. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies • Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) • - upper and lower calypters large • - Postscutellum large • - R4 +R5 divergent, enclosing wing tip

44. Deer Fly (Chrysops spp.) Horse Fly (Tabanus spp.)

46. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • - empodium bristle-like • Phoridae– Hump-backed or Coffin Flies (370) • - Branches of R thickened and crowded into anterior of wing base; 3-4 weak veins with no crossveins in rear half of wing

47. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • - empodium bristle-like • Phoridae– Hump-backed Flies (370) • - Branches of R thickened and crowded into anterior of wing base; 3-4 weak veins with no crossveins in rear half of wing • - hump-backed; rapid, darting running; laterally flattened hind femora video

48. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • - empodium bristle-like • Phoridae– Hump-backed Flies • Mydidae– Mydas Flies (55) • - a small group, but the most common eastern species is easy to identify by its yellow/orange band across abdomen, clubbed 4-segmented antennae, and large, and dark size and dark wings. Mydas clavatus

49. SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea • Order – Diptera: Flies • - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments • - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a • terminal style or arista • - empodiumpulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) • - empodium bristle-like • Phoridae– Hump-backed Flies • Mydidae– Mydas Flies • Asilidae – Robber Flies (~1000) • - vertex sunken so top of head between eyes is concave; eyes never holoptic • - some stout; some very slender; prey on other insects, often in flight