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Learning Chapter

Explore classical conditioning and Ivan Pavlov's research in this comprehensive module. Understand the processes of acquisition, extinction, and generalization while delving into cognition and biological predispositions.

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Learning Chapter

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  1. Learning Chapter

  2. Classical Conditioning Module 19

  3. Experiencing Classical Conditioning Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  4. Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

  5. Classical Conditioning • Type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response • The stimulus predicts another stimulus that already produces that response • Form of learning by association

  6. Stimulus-Response • Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to • Response – any behavior or action

  7. Stimulus-Response Relationship

  8. Stimulus-Response Relationship

  9. Components of Classical Conditioning Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  10. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically

  11. Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and not learned

  12. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response • The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs.

  13. Conditioned Response • Response to the conditioned stimulus • Usually the same behavior as the UCR

  14. Classical Conditioning Processes: Acquisition Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  15. Acquisition • Process of developing a learned response • The subject learns a new response (CR) to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)

  16. Acquisition

  17. Classical Conditioning Processes: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  18. Extinction • Diminishing of a learned response • In classical conditioning, the continual presentation of the CS without the UCS

  19. Extinction

  20. Spontaneous Recovery • The return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period

  21. Spontaneous Recovery

  22. Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  23. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • Learning theorist famous for discovery of classical conditioning

  24. Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

  25. Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

  26. Ivan Pavlov • Play “Classical Conditioning” (3:09) Segment #10 from Psychology: The Human Experience. • Includes segments from John Watson’s Little Albert Experiment

  27. Ivan Pavlov • Insert “Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning” Video #6 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. • Please Note: There are multiple video clips for this concept.

  28. Pavlov’s Experiment

  29. Pavlov’s Experiment

  30. Pavlov’s Experiment

  31. Generalization and Discrimination Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  32. Generalization • Producing the same response to two similar stimuli • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

  33. Generalization

  34. Discrimination • Producing different responses to two stimuli • The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not.

  35. John Watson and the Classical Conditioning of Emotions Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  36. Behaviorism • View that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes • Founded by John Watson

  37. Little Albert • 11-month-old infant • Watson and Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • Led to questions about experimental ethics

  38. Little Albert--Before Conditioning • Insert “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7a from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

  39. Little Albert – Before Conditioning

  40. Little Albert – During Conditioning

  41. Little Albert – After Conditioning • Insert “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

  42. Little Albert – After Conditioning

  43. Little Albert - Generalization • Insert “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7c from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

  44. Little Albert - Generalization

  45. Cognition and Biological Predispositions Module 19: Classical Conditioning

  46. Cognition • Mental processes • What effect does cognition have on learning?

  47. Robert Rescorla (1940- ) • Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning • Developed theory with Allan Wagner • Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor of the UCS

  48. Taste Aversion • Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. • John Garcia (1917- )

  49. The End

  50. Name of Concept • Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation

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