Understanding Classification in Science: Sorting Living Organisms

1. Classification Preview Section 1Sorting It All Out Section 2Domains and Kingdoms Concept Mapping

2. Section 1Sorting It All Out Bellringer Think about the different ways humans classify things. List five groups of things that humans classify, such as library books, department store merchandise, and addresses. Is there such a thing as too much classification? What happens when you put something in the wrong group? Can objects or ideas belong in more than one group at the same time? Record your responses in your science journal.

3. Section 1Sorting It All Out Objectives • Explain why and how organisms are classified. • List the eight levels of classification. • Explain scientific names. • Describe how dichotomous keys help in identifying organisms.

4. Section 1Sorting It All Out Why Classify? • Answering Questions The classification of living things makes it easier for biologist to answer many important questions such as: 1. How many known species are there? 2. What are the defining characteristics of each species? 3. What are the relationships between these species?

5. Section 1Sorting It All Out How do Scientists Classify Organisms? • Classification Today Taxonomists use the eight-level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics. • Branching Diagrams On a branching diagram, several characteristics are listed along the line that points to the right. Each characteristic is shared by the animals to the right of it.

6. Section 1Sorting It All Out

7. Section 1Sorting It All Out Levels of Classification • Kingdoms and Beyond The eight levels of classification are: 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

8. Section 1Sorting It All Out

9. Section 1Sorting It All Out Scientific Names • One Species, One Name A scientific name is always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be. • Two-Part Names The first part of a species’s name is the genus name. It is always capitalized. The second part of the name is the species name.

10. Section 1Sorting It All Out Dichotomous Keys • What Is a Dichotomous Key? A dichotomous key is a tool for identifying organisms that uses a series of paired descriptive statements. • Two-Part Names By working through the statements in a dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually identify an unknown organism.

11. Section 1Sorting It All Out

12. Section 1Sorting It All Out A Growing System • Still Discoveries to Make People are still discovering and classifying organisms. • Discovery Unique Organisms Sometimes new organisms are found that are so different from other known organisms that new classes, phyla, and so on must be formed.

13. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms Bellringer List seven musical artists, bands, or acts. Categorize the names on your list by style of music. Describe the categories you chose, and explain which bands might fit into more than one category. Record your responses in your science journal.

14. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms Objectives • Explain how classification developed as greater numbers of organisms became known. • Describe the three domains. • Describe four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya.

15. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms What Is It? • What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms are classified by their characteristics. • Adding New Classification Categories As scientists continue to learn about living things, they add classification categories that account for the characteristics of different organisms.

16. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria • The Domain Archaea Archaea are one of two kinds of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. Most are known to live in extreme environments. • The Domain Bacteria Bacteria are another kind of prokaryote. Bacteria can be found in soil, water, and even on and inside the human body.

17. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms The Domain Eukarya • The Kingdom Protista Members of the kingdom Protista commonly called protists, are single-celled or simple multicelluar organisms. • Protista contains many kinds of organisms, including protozoans, algae, and euglenoids.

18. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms The Domain Eukarya, continued • The Kingdom Fungi Molds and mushrooms are examples of the complex, multicelluar members of the kingdom Fungi. • Fungi do not perform photosynthesis or eat food. Instead, fungi absorb nutrients from substances in their surroundings.

19. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms The Kingdom Plantae • Plants The kingdom Plantae consists of organisms that are eukaryotic, have cell walls, and make food through photosynthesis. • Examples of Plantae Sequoia trees, roses, grasses, ferns, and more are all examples of members of the kingdom Plantae.

20. Section 2Domains and Kingdoms The Kingdom Animalia • Animals The kingdom Animalia contains complex, multicellular organisms that don’t have cell walls, are usually able to move around, and have specialized sense organs. • Examples of Animalia Ants, beetles, lizards, fish, birds, apes, elephants, and more are all examples of members of the kingdom Animalia. • Simple Animals Most animals are able to move, but sponges, a simple animal, cannot move.

21. Classification Concept Mapping Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. kingdom scientific name species order class taxonomy classification phylum family

22. Classification

23. Classification