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Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF

Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF. Parenting Stress. A set of processes that lead to aversive psychological and physiological reactions arising from attempts to adapt to the demands of parenthood. Causes and Effects:. Theories of Parenting Stress.

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Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF

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  1. Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF

  2. Parenting Stress • A set of processes that lead to aversive psychological and physiological reactions arising from attempts to adapt to the demands of parenthood

  3. Causes and Effects: Theories of Parenting Stress

  4. Parent-Child-Relationship (P-C-R) Stress • P=those aspects of parenting stress that arise from within the parent • C=those aspects of parenting stress that arise from the child’s behavior • R=those aspects of parenting stress that arise within the parent-child relationship

  5. Daily Hassles (DH) Theory • Complements and extends P-C-R Theory • Cumulative effect of daily stressors • Effects are serious in more extreme forms • Creates potential threat to parent’s identity or role

  6. Stability and Change • External stressors • Individual differences • Stability vs. Change

  7. Perception, Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology

  8. Four Components • External causal event or agent—stressor • Cognitive appraisal • Coping mechanisms • Stress reaction

  9. The Child and the Parenting Role as Causes of Stress • What makes parenting stress different from other types of stress? • Chronic daily hassles • Dependency • Attributes of the parent • Parenting role • Societal expectations

  10. Appraisal • Valence • Controllability • Changeability • Ambiguity

  11. Coping • Emotion-focused • Problem-focused • Perception of Control

  12. Information Processing Model of Coping • Gathering and Accumulation of Resources • Objects (material goods) • Conditions (status, social capital) • Personal Attributes (personality) • Energy (money, knowledge) • Threats to Resources • Conscious and Unconscious • Approach and Avoidance • Initial Appraisal Formulation • Secondary Appraisal • Feedback

  13. Information Processing Model (cont.) • Forethought • Intentional Behavior • Self-reflection

  14. The Stress Reaction • Parenting behaviors (e.g., parental discipline, maltreatment, and abuse) • Social cognitions (attitudes about and feelings toward the child) • Psychopathology (e.g., depression, anxiety) • Biological mechanisms of stress

  15. Parenting Stress and the Parent

  16. Parenting Stress and the Parent • Transition to Parenthood • Age of Parent • Gender of Parent • Individual Differences • Depression and Psychopathology • Temperament and Personality • Self-referent Social Cognitions

  17. Parenting Stress and the Child

  18. Parenting Stress and the Child • Prematurity and Low Birth Weight • Child Illness • Developmental Disabilities and Disorders • Behavioral and Emotional Problems • Externalizing Problems • Internalizing Problems • Diagnosis, Stigma, and Blame • Temperament • Gender and Age

  19. Parenting Behavior and the Parent-Child Relationship

  20. The Parent-Child Relationship • Parent-Child “Co-regulation” • Child-rearing Practices • Parenting Style • Discipline Practices • Child Abuse • Physical Abuse • Psychological Abuse • Sexual Abuse

  21. The Parent-Child Relationship • Parents’ Social Cognitions • Schematic • Event-dependent • Knowledge, Goals, Attributions • Biological Factors • Psychophysiology

  22. Parent and Child Effects

  23. Parent and Child Effects • Bi-directionality and Causality • Longitudinal Studies • Experiments • Quasi-experimental Designs

  24. Family, Culture, Community

  25. Family • Parents as Partners • Parent Gender • Family Structures and Types • Single Parents • Step-parent Families • Gay or Lesbian Parent Families • Adoptive and Foster Families • Grandparents as Parents

  26. Community as Culture • Collectivism vs. Individualism • Cultural Differences • Community as Workplace • Demands and Resources • Community as Nation • Socioeconomic Resources • Family Leave and Child Care

  27. Coping and Intervention

  28. Coping Strategies • Problem-Focused Coping • Emotion-Focused Coping • Approach Coping • Avoidance Coping • Relationship-Focused Coping • Emotional Support • Normalizing • Instrumental Support • Empathy

  29. Coping Strategies • Goals, Planning, Assessment, and Evaluation • Individual Differences • Preemptive Coping • Ongoing Process

  30. Intervening to Reduce Parenting Stress • Expanding repertoire of child-rearing behaviors • Clinical interventions • Counseling • Teaching • Individual • Family • Targets • Family situation • Parental functioning • Child behavior

  31. Community Resources

  32. Parenting Stress Model Social Eco-Environment Child Characteristics • Parental Characteristics Parenting Stress Dysfunctional Parenting Child Outcomes

  33. Parenting Stress Model • Social Eco-Environment • Social Isolation • Relatives/Spouse • Child Characteristics • Adaptability • Acceptability • Demandingness • Mood • Hyper/Distract • Reinforces Parent • Parental Characteristics • Depression • Sense of Competence • Perceived Role Restrictions • Parental Attachment • Physical Health Parenting Stress Dysfunctional Parenting Child Outcomes

  34. Parent Characteristics Domain and Subscales (101 items) Child Characteristics Adaptability Demandingness Mood Distractibility/Hyperactivity Acceptability – Child to parent Child’s reinforcement of parent Depression/Guilt Attachment to child Social Isolation Sense competence as a parent Relationship spouse/partner Role restrictions Parental health

  35. Domains and Sub scales

  36. PSI – Short Form • Total Score (36 items) • Parental Distress (12) • Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (12) • Difficult Child (12)

  37. Total Stress Score • Designed to provide an indication of the overall level of parenting stress that an individual is experiencing

  38. Parental Distress (PD) Subscale • Determines the level of distress a parent is experiencing in his or her role as a parent as a function of personal factors that are directly related to parenting.

  39. Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (P-CDI) Subscale • Focuses on the parent’s perception that the child does not meet his or her expectations and that his or her interactions with the child are not reinforcing to him or her as a parent.

  40. Difficult Child (DC) Subscale • Focuses on some of the basic behavioral characteristics of children that make them either easy or difficult to manage.

  41. Defensive Responding Scale • Assesses the extent to which the respondent approaches the questionnaire with a strong bias to present the most favorable impression of himself or herself or to minimize indications of problems or stress in the parent-child relationship.

  42. Validity • Long form: manual refers to >250 studies documented on the PAR website • Short form: manual uses the correlations between PSI-4 and PSI-4 SF to support validity

  43. Uses of the PSI • Screening/Triage • Assessment Planning/Focus • Treatment Planning and Evaluation • Research

  44. Interpretation • Literal • Clinical cutoff (90% ile) • Profiles – Relative elevations • Computer generated interpretive reports

  45. Validity With Different Cultures • Translated into 42 languages • Normed and published 10 countries • Multiple replications of factor structure • Replications of predictive studies

  46. Prediction and Association to Observed Behavior and Objective Criteria • Warmth and sensitivity • Parental intrusiveness • Parental negativity, hostility, rejection • Child development, child behavior objective criteria

  47. Intervention Studies • Early termination of treatment • Treatment outcomes • Non-adherence to medical treatments

  48. Topically Arranged PSI References (1983 – 2011) • http://www4.parinc.com/webuploads/productinfo/PSI_Bibliography.pdf

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