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BLOOD

BLOOD. Composition of Blood.  Plasma.  F ormed elements. BLOOD FUNCTIONS. TRASPORTATION OF OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, HEAT AND WASTE. REGULATION OF pH, BODY TEMPERATURE & WATER CONTENT PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASE BY WHITE BLOOD CELLS & ANTIBODIES. BOOD VOLUMES.

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BLOOD

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  1. BLOOD

  2. Composition of Blood Plasma Formed elements

  3. BLOOD FUNCTIONS • TRASPORTATION OF OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, HEAT AND WASTE. • REGULATION OF pH, BODY TEMPERATURE & WATER CONTENT • PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASE BY WHITE BLOOD CELLS & ANTIBODIES

  4. BOOD VOLUMES • RANGE OF BLOOD VOLUME IS 5 TO 6 LITERS • MEDICAL TERMS: • NORMOVOLEMIC: NORMAL BLOOD VOLUME • HYPOVOLEMIC: LOW BLOOD VOLUME • HYPERVOLEMIC: HIGH BLOOD VOLUME

  5. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS • MEAN TEMPERATURE: 38C (100.4F) • VISCOSITY: PLASMA = 1.5 WHOLE BLOOD = 3 • MEAN pH: 7.35 to 7.45

  6. PLASMA • COLOR IS YELLOWISH • COMPOSITION • 91.5%WATER • 7% PROTEINS • 1.5% OTHERSOLUTES

  7. PLASMA PROTEINS • ALBUMIN – 54% • GLOBULIN – 38% • FIBRINOGEN – 7%

  8. OTHER SOLUTES • ELECTROLYTES • NUTRIENTS • ENZYMES • HORMONES • GASES • WASTE PRODUCTS

  9. FORMATION OF FORMED ELEMENTS HEMOPOIESIS • IN RED BONE MARROW & LYMPH TISSUE • ALL BLOOD CELLS COME FROM PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS THAT BECOME MYELOID OR LYMPHOID STEM CELLS. • LYMPHOID STEM CELLS PRODUCE THE WBC’s CALLED LYMPHOCYTES. • MYELOID STEM CELLS PRODUCE ALL THE REST (RBC’s, PLATELTES & THE OTHER FOUR WBC’s)

  10. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC’s) (ERYTHOCYTES) • NUMBER: MALE = 5.4 MILLIONS/ uL FEMALE = 4.8 MILLIONS/ Ul • BICONCAVE DISCS, 7-8 um DIAMETER • NO NUCLEUS • EACH CONTAIN ONE HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE, 4 HEME GROUPS AND 4 IRON IONS.

  11. RBC’s FUNCTIONS • HEMOGLOBIN TRANSPORT 97% OF OXYGEN. • HEMOGLOBIN TRANSPORT 23% OF CARBON DIOXIDE • HEMOGLOBIN PARTICIPATE IN THE REGULATION OF BLOOD FLOW BY RELEASING NITRIC OXIDE.

  12. HEMOGLOBIN • COMPOSED OF A PROTEIN PART CALLED GLOBIN AND FOUR IRON CONTAINING PARTS CALLED HEME. • EACH HEME BIND ONE OXYGEN MOLECULE. • HEMOGLOBIN BIND OXYGEN IN THE LUNGS AND RELEASE IT IN TISSUES.

  13. HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE

  14. RBC’s FORMATION • CALLED ERYTHROPOIESIS • OCCUR IN RED BONE MARROW • HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS OCCUR DURING DEVELOPMENT. • PROCEED THROUGH VARIOUS CELL STAGES AND TAKES ABOUT A WEEK.

  15. RBC’s DEVELOPMENT • MYELOID STEM CELLS • PROERYTHROBLASTS • RETICULOCYTES • ERYTHROCYES

  16. Requirements for RBC Formation *IRON *AMINO ACIDS *VITAMIN B12 • Supplied by diet and recycled from storage in liver and spleen • Free iron is toxic, so must combine with proteins to be stored or transported • Storage molecule is FERRITIN • Transport molecule is TRANSFERRIN

  17. STIMULATION OF RBC FORMATION • DECREASED RBCs NUMBER • ↓ • TISSUE HYPOXIA • ↓ • ERYTHROPOIETIN HORMONE • SECRETION BY THE KIDNEYS • ↓ • BONE MARROW STIMULATION • ↓ • PROERYTHROBLASTS → ERYTHROCYTES

  18. Recycling of RBC’s • RBC’s live for about 80 - 120 days • Death • Hemolysis in blood • Liver and spleen phagocytes consume them • Hemoglobin degraded to globin and heme • Amino acids of globin recycled • Heme split open releasing iron which is recycled • Heme → Biliverdin → Bilirubin in bile → urobilin in urine or stercobilin in feces

  19. RBCs RECYCLING

  20. White Blood Cells or Leukocytes • General functions: Protection by immune response or phagocytosis. • Whole count: 5000 – 10,000 / uL • Differential: Determining the percentage of each type of white blood cells.

  21. WBC’s TYPES & FUNCTIONS • GRANULAR: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS. • FUNCTION FOR PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. • AGRANULAR: LYMPHOCYTES AND MONOCYTES. • FUNCTION IN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS & AS MACROPHAGES.

  22. FORMATION OF WBC’s • LOCATION • RED BONE MARROW FOR MONOCYTES, NEUTROPHILS, BASOPHILS AND EOSINOPHILS. • LYMPH TISSUE FOR LYMPHOCYTES.

  23. DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS • Leukocytes • Myeloid stem cells  myeloblasts and monoblasts • Myeloblasts  Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils. • Monoblasts  Monocytes • Lymphoid stem cells  lymphoblasts • Lymphoblast  lymphocytes

  24. Table of WBC’s Ranked by Differential

  25. PLATELETS • THROMBOPOIETIN: FROM THE LIVER • FUNCTIONS: BLOOD CLOTTING AND PLATELTES PLUG FORMATION. • DEVELOPMENT: MYELOID STEM CELL > MEGAKARYOPLAST > MEGAKARYOCYTE > FRAGMENT INTO PLATELETS. • NUMBER: 150,000 – 400,000 / uL

  26. HEMOSTASIS RESPONSES THAT STOP BLEEDING (1) VASCULAR SPASM: CONTRACTION OF THE INJURED BLOOD VESSEL SMOOTH MUSCLES TO REDUCE THE BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER AND DECREASE LOSS OF BLOOD.

  27. HEMOSTASIS (2) Platelet plug formation • Platelet adhesion ______________________________________________ • Platelet release reaction ______________________________________________ • Platelet aggregation ______________________________________________

  28. HEMOSTASIS (3) CLOT FORMATION: • Clot closes the broken blood vessel. • Clot consists of a gel of fibrin and trapped formed blood elements. • When gel separates from liquid, remaining fluid is called serum. • Clotting process is called coagulation.

  29. Blood clotting occurs in three stages • Stage 1. • Stage 2. • Stage 3. Formation of Prothrombinase Formation of Thrombin Formation of Fibrin plug (clot)

  30. Formation of prothrombinase involves two pathways • Intrinsic pathway results from blood trauma • Damaged vessel • Damaged platelets • Slowest • Extrinsic pathway results from tissue trauma • Damage of cells outside blood • Fastest • Both pathways occur during normal clotting and produce Prothrombinase.

  31. Basic Steps in Blood Clotting Extrinsic Pathway Involves Tissue Trauma and Clotting Factors Intrinsic Pathway Involves Blood Trauma and Clotting Factors Ca2+ Ca2+ Prothrombinase Prothrombin Thrombin Ca2+ Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin (clot)

  32. CLOT DISSOLVING • As repair of a cut or damaged vessel proceeds, a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions called ___________ slowly dissolves the clot • An enzyme called _______________________ catalyzes the conversion of inactive enzyme ___________ to active_________ • Active enzyme catalyzes the dissolving of clot fibrinolysis tissue plasminogen activator plasminogen plasmin

  33. CLOT DISSOLVING Tissue plasminogen activator Plaminogen Plasmin

  34. INTRAVASCULAR CLOT • Intravascular clot – clot within closed vessel • Damaged vessel lining or slowing of blood flow • Platelets aggregate and release clotting factors • Resulting clot called a _________ • Moving piece of the clot is an ________ • Clot moves downstream and blocks smaller vessel _________ • May cut off blood supply to organ thrombus embolus embolism

  35. ANTICOAGULANTS anticoagulants • Chemicals that decrease or prevent blood clotting are called ____________ • Heparinis administered medically and it occurs naturally in our bodies. It works by decreasing thrombin production • Coumadin (warfarin)is effective as a long-term anticoagulant. It is an antagonist of vitamin K. • EDTA and CPD are used in blood banks to keep the donated blood from clotting. They both work by tying-up and removing calcium.

  36. BLOOD TYPES • ABO and Rh • Antigens (glycoproteins and glycolipids) called ____________ on surface of RBC’S determine blood types. • Blood types are inherited • The greatest concern with blood types involves___________ agglutinogens transfusions

  37. donor • During a transfusion, the person giving the blood is a ______, the person getting the blood is a ________ • Theimmune system may developantibodiescalled__________against certain agglutinogens. These agglutinins float in the plasma. recipient agglutinins

  38. If RBC’s of a donor are incompatible with the blood of a recipient, agglutinins in the plasma of the recipient will bind to the agglutinogens of the donated RBC’s. This reaction will ______ (_________) and destroy (cause hemolysis of) the donated RBC’s, causing a serious and possibly fatal reaction. clump agglutinate

  39. ABO BLOOD TYPES

  40. A & AB A A Anti-B A&O B B B&AB Anti-A B&O only AB A&B AB Neither O A,B,AB&O O Neither Both only O

  41. Rh blood type and hemolytic disease of the newborn • Rh blood type is determined by presence of absence of Rh _____________ (________) on the surface of RBC’s • If Rh agglutinogens are present, the type isRh . If no agglutinogens are present, the type is Rh . agglutinogens antigens + -

  42. People with Rh- type lack anti-Rh agglutinins (antibodies), but if they receive Rh+ blood, their immune systems will be stimulated to produce them, and they are then _________. Future exposure to Rh+ blood will cause a dangerous blood reaction. sensitized

  43. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) • Results from Rh incompatibility between ___ mother and her ____child • If Rh+ RBC’s of first born child enter mother’s circulation, mother will be __________, and her plasma will carry anti-Rh agglutinins (antibodies) Rh- Rh+ sensitized

  44. agglutinins • The first child is not harmed, but the mother’s ____________, acquired by exposure to the first child’s blood, easily pass across the placenta where they ___________and destroy the second child’s RBC’s. agglutinate

  45. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

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