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Other Biting Flies. Horse-flies, Tsetse-flies, House-flies and Stable-flies. Family: Tabanidae (Horse-flies and Deer-flies). Tabanus atratus Tabanus nigrovittatus Chrysops atlanticus Large biting flies (65 mm wing) Over 4300 species Worldwide distribution. Medium to large (6-30 mm)
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Other Biting Flies Horse-flies, Tsetse-flies, House-flies and Stable-flies
Family: Tabanidae(Horse-flies and Deer-flies) • Tabanus atratus • Tabanus nigrovittatus • Chrysops atlanticus • Large biting flies (65 mm wing) • Over 4300 species • Worldwide distribution. • Medium to large (6-30 mm) • Antennae are small but stout • Mouthparts adapted for biting, hang downwards from head.
Life History • Tend to lay eggs near larvarial substrate. • Some larvae are predacious • Life cycle • Eggs Larvae Pupae Adult • Most inhabit woods and forest
Feeding Habits • Bite is painful • Most feed during the daytime, locate host by site and CO2. • Several small meals often taken from the same or different host. • Interrupted feeding behavior increases their likelihood of being mechanical vectors of disease. • Prefer dark objects, will bite through colored clothing.
Biological Transmission • Loiasis (loa loa) • Chrysops species are the biological vectors. • Microfilaria picked up in blood during day. • Develop in thoracic fat bodies of the deer fly. • Worms leave the proboscis when deer fly feeds. • Human strain of Loiasis • Monkey strain of Loiasis
Biological Transmission • Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) • Tularaemia – from rabbits, horses and other rodents to humans. • Tabanids can transmit viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and filarial worms to livestock • Also big pest nuisance. • Some people develop allergic reaction. • Control: Insect repellents.
Family: Glossinidae(Tsetse-flies) • Restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. • Vector: • Parasite: • Reservoir:
Life History • Egg Larvae Pupae Adult • Egg completes maturation in ovary • Larvae goes through 3 instars in the female • Larviposition in shaded areas. • Larvae bury itself in soil and pupates. • Pupal stage is long. • Adults spend day resting on vegitation or dark humid sites. (Twigs, branches, tree trunks)
Feeding Habits • Both male and females blood feed on humans, wild and domesticated animals, as well as reptiles and amphibians. • Feed in dry-hot weather, cooler weather they feed every 10 days. • Vision is important in host location. • Females must take several bloodmeals to feed larvae. • Many species rarely feed on people.
Medical Importance • “African Sleeping Sickness” • 400,000 cases a year with 55,000 deaths. Control Most control aimed at adults. - Clearing away vegetation (resting sites) - Kill of game animals (reservoir), no longer acceptable! - Insecticides - Targets and traps - Genetic Personal protection.
“The Higher Diptera” • Suborder Cyclorrhapha: • Larvae are maggots or grubs (no distinct head capsule) • Pupa is encased in final larval stage called puparium • Families: • Muscidae • Calliphoridae • Sarcophagidae • Cuterebridae • Oestridae
“The Higher Diptera” • Importance: • (1) Annoyance • (2) Disease Transmission • (3) Myiasis
(1) Annoyance • Synanthropic • Various species: • Musca domestica • Fannia canicularis • Musca stabulans • Stomoxys calcitrans • Several generations each year!
(2) Transmit Pathogens • Diseases transmitted mechanically. • Pathogens of bacillary dysentery: • Shigella and Salmonella • Vomit on food when feeding • Look at a fly close up: • Lots of hairs • Sticky pads
Family: Muscidae(House-flies and Stable-flies) • Musca domestica • Mechanical transmission of pathogens, accidental myiasis. • Stomoxys calcitrans • biting pest (human and veterinary pest)
House-Flies • Non-biting mouthparts
House Fly • Can transmit a large number of diseases to humans. • Over 100 different pathogens have been recorded from house flies, 65 of them are transmitted! • Some diseases they can transmit: • Viruses: Polio, coxsackie, and infectious hepatitis • Rickettsiae: Q fever • Bacteria: anthrax, cholera, shigella and salmonella species, E. coli, staph. Aureus, trachoma, spirochaetes of yaws. • Protozoans: Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. • Helminths: various eggs; Ascaris, tapes, Trichuris • Dermatobia hominis: a myiasis-producing fly.
Life Cycle • Egg Larvae Pupa Adult. • This life cycle is typical of other muscid and calliphorid flies. • Seasonal abundance of house flies
House Fly Control • Physical and Mechanical Control • Screening windows, openings, air vents, etc. • Air barriers (doorways) • Sticky tapes (fly-papers) (2) Environmental Sanitation - Reduce breeding places (garbage and refuse removal) (3) Insecticide Control - Larvicides - Spraying against adults - Residual spraying - Insecticidal cords - Toxic baits
Stable-Flies • Both male and females take blood meals from wild and domestic animals. • Not known to transmit any diseases to humans – annoyance to animals and man. • Get rid of manure, spray breeding places with insecticides, fly strips. Biting mouthparts