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HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College

HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College. A Survey of Modern Europe 6. Europe Between the Wars. The Paris Peace Conferences. Comparison 1815 to 1919 Goals of the victors: Democracy National self-determination Security for France ( cordon sanitaire)

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HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College

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  1. HI 112Raffael ScheckColby College A Survey of Modern Europe 6

  2. Europe Between the Wars

  3. The Paris Peace Conferences • Comparison 1815 to 1919 • Goals of the victors: • Democracy • National self-determination • Security for France (cordon sanitaire) • Weakening Germany (Treaty of Versailles, 1919) • League of Nations as a peaceful mediating institution

  4. Why did the Peace Order Not Work? • Germany unreconciled • Nationality problems in Eastern Central Europe • Withdrawal of U.S. • Unsettled situation in the Soviet Union

  5. Germany and the Treaty of Versailles

  6. Phases of the Postwar Period

  7. Revolutions and Unrest: Hungary under Béla Kun (1918-19)

  8. A Personal Connection for Reconciliation: Briand and Stresemann

  9. Treaty of Locarno, 1925

  10. Great Depression and Mass Unemployment, 1929-33

  11. The Rise of Totalitarianism

  12. What is Totalitarianism? • Party - strong influence on state • State - reaches into every area of life • Army - high prestige • Ideology - shapes state and society • Propaganda - used unscrupulously • Police Repression - largely outside of the law • Leadership Cult - adulation of charismatic leader through state-controlled media • Internal and external target groups of aggression

  13. Fascism’s Three Sources (according to Scheck) • Crisis of Christian and humanitarian values and of liberal-democratic states based on these values • Deep-seated fear of communism and socialism • World War I experience: brutalization of politics; veneration of military order; stress on struggle; extreme nationalism

  14. Italian Fascism • Mussolini • Fascist Party, black shirt paramilitary organization • March on Rome, October 1922 • Gradual consolidation of power by 1926 • Corporatism • Lateran Accord, 1929

  15. The Triumph of Hitler and National Socialism • Anti-Semitic rabble-rousing, 1919-1923 • Beer Hall Putsch 1923 • Organizing a mass party, 1925-28 • Sudden mass success because of the Great Depression, 1930-33

  16. The Rise of the KPD and NSDAP(in percent of the electorate)

  17. Stalinism • Massive industrialization at gigantic human cost (five-year plans), 1929-1941 • Extremely repressive police state • The Great Purges, 1935-39 • The Gulag • Foreign policy: out of isolation into an alliance first with the West (1935) and then Nazi Germany (1939)

  18. The Road to World War II

  19. Hitler’s Successes • Makes Germany strong and respected again • Rearms Germany • Wins an alliance with Italy (1936) • Revises the Versailles peace order by annexing Austria and the Sudetenland • He achieves all of this WITHOUT war

  20. Mussolini’s Foreign Policy • Initially: opposition to Nazi designs on Austria (1934) and efforts to contain Nazi Germany (Stresa Front, 1935) • Attack on Abyssinia (1935-36) • Alliance with Germany (1936) and Japan (1939) • Involvement in Spanish Civil War (1936-39)

  21. German Foreign Policy 1933-38: Main Events

  22. What Made Hitler’s Foreign Policy Successes Possible? • General misunderstanding of Hitler’s ultimate aims (Lebensraum, racial policy) • Doubts about Versailles • Disillusionment with postwar order • “No more war” sentiment • Global diversions for Britain (Japan, Italy, U.S. competition)

  23. Concentration Camp Flossenbürg

  24. Axis Berlin-Rome

  25. Italian Atrocities in Ethiopia

  26. Spanish Civil War

  27. Anschluß

  28. Maginot Line

  29. Munich Conference

  30. Unemployment in Germany 1932-39

  31. German Military Spending 1932-39

  32. World War II

  33. Cause • Hitler wants war • Obsession with his own mortality • Exploitation of temporary advantage in terms of rearmament

  34. The Outbreak • Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939) dooms Poland and misleads Hitler to believe that France and Britain will not go to war • France and Britain do declare war but do not attack (Phony War) • Soviet Union takes its “share” of Poland

  35. The Defeat of the Allies in the West, 1940 • Reasons: German tactics and slowness of Franco-British response • Consequence: Germany in control of most of Continental Europe and able to attack the Soviet Union

  36. Britain Stays in the War • Decision to keep fighting • Inconclusive air battle over Britain, 1940-41

  37. The Attack on the Soviet Union • Hitler’s priority • War of annihilation • Tied to the Holocaust • Too risky gamble

  38. The Long Road to Axis Defeat • Soviet resilience • U.S. entry into the war after Pearl Harbor • Axis defeats in Russia, North Africa, the Atlantic • D-Day and final defeat of Germany

  39. Consequences • Europe looses its predominant position • Utter destruction in many areas • 50-65 million killed • Soviet Union dominates Eastern Europe

  40. The Holocaust

  41. Ideological Background and Context • The Nazi vision of races • Racial hygiene

  42. Stages of Radicalization • Segregation (1933-38) • Nürnberg laws 1935 • Expulsion (1938-41) • Crystal Night 1938 • Madagascar Plan 1940-41 • Mass murder (1941-45) • Ghettos, gas vans, mass executions, death camps, death marches

  43. I: Segregation

  44. The Nürnberg Laws, 1935

  45. “Jews Unwanted”

  46. II: Expulsion

  47. Crystal Night, Nov. 1938

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