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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. Chapter 5 Biology – Campbell • Reece. Polymers. What is a polymer ? What is a monomer ? What are the 4 major biological macromolecules? Which one is not (technically) a polymer?. Polymers in Nature. Condensation Reaction.
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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Biology – Campbell • Reece
Polymers • What is a polymer? • What is a monomer? • What are the 4 major biological macromolecules? • Which one is not (technically) a polymer?
Condensation Reaction • Specifically a dehydration reaction (synthesis) • What happens? • Requires energy • Requires enzymes
Hydrolysis • Reverse of dehydration reaction • What happens?
Carbohydrates • What elements make up carbs? • What are the monomers of carbs? • What are the functions of carbs?
Monosaccharides • CH2O • Major nutrients for cells • How are they made? • How is energy released from them?
Monosaccharides • Their carbon skeletons are raw materials for other organic molecules • Carbon skeleton varies from 3 to 7 carbons • Can be incorporated as monomers into disaccharides and polysaccharides
Dissaccharides • What is a dissacharide? • Glycosidiclinkage • Examples: • Maltose (glucose + glucose) • Lactose (glucose + galactose) • Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Polysaccharides • Polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides • Important biological functions: • Energy storage (starch and glycogen) • Starch • Glycogen • Structural support (cellulose and chitin) • Cellulose • Chitin
Lipids • Generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules • Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? • Mostly made of which two elements? • Examples?
Fats • What are the functions of fats? • Triacylglycerol or triglyceride • Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids • glycerol • fatty acid • saturated • unsaturated
Phospholipids • What cellular structure is made up of phospholipids? • Only two fatty acids rather than three • Hydrocarbon tail • Phosphate head • Micelle
Phospholipids • When placed in water, they self-assemble into a bilayer • Phospholipid Bilayer
Steroids • What are steroids? • Cholesterol • Sex hormones
Proteins • Account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells • Functions?
Proteins • What are the monomers of proteins? • Polypeptides • What are the 5 parts of an amino acid?
Proteins • What type of bond is formed between two amino acids? • What makes each polypeptide/ protein unique?
Protein Structure • Globular proteins • Fibrous proteins • A protein’s structure determines its function
Primary Structure • What is the primary structure? • Why is the sequence of amino acids important?
Secondary Structure • Alpha (α) helix • Beta (β) pleated sheet
Tertiary Structure • Hydrophobic interaction • Disulfide bridges
Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic • Which of these 3 shapes is the amino acid polymer most likely to adopt in water?
Quaternary Structure Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptides
Denaturation of Proteins • What is denaturation? • Occurs when:
Predicting Protein Folding • Why is predicting protein folding difficult? • Chaperonins • How would knowledge of protein folding be beneficial?
Nucleic Acids • DNA • What is it? • How is it copied? • How is it passed on? • Where is it found in a eukaryotic cell? • What is it used to make?
Nucleic Acids • RNA • What is it? • How is it involved in protein synthesis?
Nucleic Acids • What are the monomers of nucleic acids? • What are the 3 structures of a nucleotide? • What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases? • How do the bases pair in DNA and RNA?
DNA - The Double Helix • Who proposed the idea of the double helix structure of DNA?