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Standards

Standards. SP2. Students will evaluate the significance of energy in understanding the structure of matter and the universe. a. Relate the energy produced through fission and fusion by stars as a driving force in the universe.

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Standards

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  1. Standards SP2. Students will evaluate the significance of energy in understanding the structure of matter and the universe. a. Relate the energy produced through fission and fusion by stars as a driving force in the universe. b. Explain how the instability of radioactive isotopes results in spontaneous nuclear reactions. SP6. The student will describe the corrections to Newtonian physics given by quantum mechanics and relativity when matter is very small, moving fast compared to the speed of light, or very large. a. Explain matter as a particle and as a wave. b. Describe the Uncertainty Principle. c. Explain the differences in time, space, and mass measurements by two observers when one is in a frame of reference moving at constant velocity parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the other observer’s frame of reference if the constant velocity is greater than one tenth the speed of light. d. Describe the gravitational field surrounding a large mass and its effect on a ray of light.

  2. The Atom Three primary subatomic particles: Proton Weight ≈ 1 amu Neutron Weight ≈ 1 amu Electron Weight is teeny!

  3. Notation Atomic mass number: Number of protons plus number of neutrons Atomic number: Number of protons

  4. But how does it stay together? Protons repel one another, but the nucleus stays together.

  5. The Strong Force • Strongest force we know • Holds the nucleus of atoms together • Much stronger than electrostatic force • The more protons in the nucleus, the less stable it is

  6. Particles that decay by spontaneously emitting charged particles and energy are called radioactive. • All elements heavier than atomic number 83 are radioactive. • Radiation is the charged particles and energy that are released.

  7. Unstable isotopes emit 3 kinds of radioactive decay • Alpha decay • 2 protons & 2 neutrons released • Called alpha particle • Beta decay • Neutron splits into a proton and an electron • The proton stays in the nucleus but the electron is emitted – beta particle • Gamma decay • Release of high-energy, electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus of an atom

  8. Types of Radiation Radioactive elements emit three types of radiation: αalpha βbeta ϒgamma

  9. αalpha βbeta ϒgamma Types of Radiation

  10. m

  11. Warm-up 5/2 , , or ϒ? Match each type of decay with its characteristic. 1. Type of decay shown above 2. decreases the mass number by 4 3. the most harmful form of radioactive decay to living things 4. the particle associated with this decay is the electron 5. is the least harmful form of radioactive decay to living things 6. has no particle associated with it

  12. Half-life Half-life: The amount of time it takes for half the radioactive atoms to decay

  13. Half-life: Graphing Decay Rates • What is the half-life of Am-242? • How much time does it take for ¾ of the sample to decay? • How much of the original sample is remaining after 48.06 hours?

  14. Nuclear Fission Fission is a SPLIT.

  15. Nuclear Fission causes a Chain Reaction

  16. Nuclear Fusion

  17. Nuclear Fusion Powers the Sun Mass is converted to energy in the sun constantly through the process of FUSION, which UNITES particles.

  18. light Wave or Particle? • Thomas Young’s double slit experiment • Interference pattern • Diffraction • Interference • http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/interference/doubleslit/ • Photoelectric effect • High energy photons bounce electrons off • Photon – particle with no mass • http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/mgagnon/Photoelectric_Effect/photoelectriceffect1.htm

  19. Photoelectric effect proved light acts as a particle • Red light • Blue light • Light particles are called photons • No mass therefore no momentum • Travel at near speed of light • A photon does not obey the laws of conservation of mass & energy

  20. Quantum model of the atom • Predicts only probability of location of the electrons in orbitals • http://science.howstuffworks.com/atom8.htm Bohr Model of Atom

  21. What is space-time?And how does it get warped? Space-time is the combination of 3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time and can be warped or distorted by large masses

  22. Light bending due to warping of space-time

  23. Twin paradox http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/hotsciencetwin/ Time dilation http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module4_time_dilation.htm

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