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Ch 20: The Blood

Ch 20: The Blood. Discuss the composition of blood including the functions of the various components Explain the anatomy and functions of the red blood cells, including a description of blood typing Discuss the types of white blood cells found in the blood and give the functions of each

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Ch 20: The Blood

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  1. Ch 20: The Blood Discuss the composition of blood including the functions of the various components Explain the anatomy and functions of the red blood cells, including a description of blood typing Discuss the types of white blood cells found in the blood and give the functions of each Give a brief accounting of the platelets Review hemopoiesis, including RBC and leukocyte formation

  2. Functions of Blood • Distribution - nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, etc. • Self-sealing – hemostasis • Disease/ infection fighting

  3. Blood = connective tissue specialized cells: (= Formed elements) RBCs WBCs Platelets extracellular matrix: Plasma color ? volume ?

  4. Plasma Composition Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat • Water 92% • Plasma proteins 7% • Other solutes 1%

  5. Plasma Proteins • Albumin (60%) Major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma. Transport of lipids and steroid hormones • Globulins (35%) Transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function • Fibrinogen (4%) Essential component of clotting system (conversion to insoluble fibrin) • Regulatory proteins (< 1%) ????

  6. Other Solutes • Electrolytes: Normal extracellular fluid ion composition (????) • Organic nutrients: glucose, FA, AA • Organic wastes: urea, bilirubin

  7. Difference between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid : Plasma has more: • Dissolved O2 O2 diffuses out into tissue • Dissolved proteins (too big to cross caps.) • Albumins • Globulins •  globulins •  and  globulins • Fibrinogen Similar concentration: Salts & small molecules

  8. serum = plasma - Difference between plasma and serum?

  9. . . . . 2 more things: Most plasma proteins are made in liver. Exception: ? Lipoproteins = particles containing lipids (cholesterol & triglycerids) and proteins (albumins & globulins)

  10. Formed Elements Red and White Blood Cells Platelets • Platelets • WBCs • RBCs .1% 99.9%

  11. Formed Elements cont. Why white blood cells???

  12. RBCs = Erythrocytes Measured by hematocrit or PCV Most abundant blood cell: 1000 RBCs/1 WBC Contain hemoglobin, carry O2 Very regular shape - biconcave discs Anucleate: Lifespan ~ 120 days replacement rate ~ 3 mio RBCs / sec

  13. Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb) Fe ion in heme group reversibly binds O2 How many oxygen molecules can 1 Hb molecule carry? b a

  14. ABO & Rh Blood Types • Blood groups (types) based on specific RBC surface antigens (= proteins) • > 30 common varieties of antigens known. Most important ABO & Rh blood type ?

  15. ABO Blood typing: 4 combinations possible • A surface antigen = blood type A • B surface antigen = blood type B • both surface antigens = type AB • neither surface antigen = type O • Rh surface antigen = + blood type • no Rh antigen = negative blood type

  16. . . . 2 - 8 months after birth: Anti-A and anti-B antibodies can be formed in plasma ! normally NO anti Rh present

  17. Transfusion Reaction Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal! Universal Donor vs. Universal Recipient Only for emergencies - must be given slowly !

  18. Clinical Brief Anemia:p. 536 Reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood. Causes?? Polycythemia: Erythrocytosis: excessive increase in RBCs Polycythemia vera: Blood Doping: p. 545 Via direct transfusion, or EPO use

  19. WBCs = Leukocytes Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Quantity and type determined by differential WBC count Circulating WBCs are only a small fraction of total WBCs. Most are located in ? Diapedesis Chemotaxis

  20. Neutrophil (= PMN) Up to ~ 70% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs Cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes phagocytic

  21. Eosinophil ~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs Granules stain with eosin Increased in allergies and parasitic infections

  22. Basophil • < 1% of circulating WBCs • Granules stain with basic dyes and contain histamine • Discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at site of injury (Similar to mast cells)

  23. Monocyte • ~ 2% - 8% of circulating WBCs • Large kidney shaped nucleus • In tissue called Macrophage

  24. Lymphocytes • ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs • Relatively small (slightly larger than RBCs) • Large round nucleus • B, T, NK

  25. Platelets = Thrombocytes Cell fragments of Megakaryocytes (~ 4,000 thrombocytes per Megakaryocyte)  ~ 160 m Lifespan ~ 12 days involved in blood clotting

  26. Abnormal Blood Cell Counts Leukopenia < 2,500/ L (normal 6000 – 9000) Leukocytosis > 30,000/ L Thrombocytopenia: < 80,000/ L (normal ~ 350,000) Thrombocytosis: > 1,000,000/ L Also Lymphopenia vs. _____________ _________vs. Neutrophilia

  27. Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Formation Hemocytoblasts: One type of stem cell for all blood cells • . . . then differentiation into 4 types of progenitor stem cells: • Erythroblast • Myeloblast • Monoblast • Lymphoblast Fig 20.8 The End In red bone marrow

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