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Blood

Blood. Blood. The only fluid tissue in the human body. Formed Elements. Erythrocytes = red blood cells Leukocytes = white blood cells Platelets = cell fragments. Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear. Figure 10.2. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood. Table 10.2.

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Blood

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  1. Blood

  2. Blood • The only fluid tissue in the human body

  3. Formed Elements • Erythrocytes = red blood cells • Leukocytes = white blood cells • Platelets = cell fragments

  4. Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear Figure 10.2

  5. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood Table 10.2

  6. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood Table 10.2

  7. Hemoglobin • Iron-containing protein • Binds to oxygen • Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

  8. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease

  9. Platelets • Needed for the clotting process • Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3

  10. Fate of Erythrocytes • Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins • Wear out in 100 to 120 days • eliminated in the spleen or liver • New cells formed in bone marrow

  11. Hemostasis • Stoppage of blood flow • Result of a break in a blood vessel • Three phases: • Platelet plug formation • Coagulation • Clotting

  12. Platelet Plug Formation • fibers are exposed by break in blood vessel • Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers • Platelets pile up to form a plug

  13. Coagulation • Protein fibers form a meshwork (the basis for a clot)

  14. Blood Clotting • Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes • The clot remains as endothelium regenerates • The clot is broken down after tissue repair

  15. Fibrin Clot Figure 10.7

  16. Bleeding Disorders • Thrombocytopenia • Platelet deficiency • Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting • Hemophilia • Hereditary bleeding disorder • Normal clotting factors are missing

  17. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens • Type A • Type B • The lack of these antigens is called type O

  18. ABO Blood Groups • The presence of both A and B is called type AB • The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively

  19. Rh Blood Groups • Named because of the presence or absence of Rh antigens • Most Americans are Rh+ • Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood

  20. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor

  21. Blood Typing Figure 10.8

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