LATIN PRONOUNS

1. LATIN PRONOUNS

2. THE BASICS • Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives • The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –iusand the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders • Theiin the -iusending forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EIY-us, HUIY-us and CUIY-us. In other pronouns the –i is long and takes the stress –e.g. illīus, normally pronounced il-LI-us • These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular –us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius(neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two)

3. is, ea, id (singular) • Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. • The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: • Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) • Canem spectat(He looks at the dog)

4. is (singular)

5. is (singular)

6. is (singular)

7. is (singular)

8. is (singular)

9. is (plural)

10. is (plural)

11. is (plural)

12. is (plural)

13. is (plural)

14. īdem, eadem, idem • A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. • An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ • *eumdem > eundem • *eōrumdem > eōrundem • Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter • *isdem > īdem(long vowel) • *iddem > idem(short vowel)

15. īdem (singular)

16. īdem (singular)

17. īdem (singular)

18. īdem (singular)

19. īdem (singular)

20. īdem (plural)

21. īdem (plural)

22. īdem (plural)

23. īdem (plural)

24. īdem (plural)

25. hic, haec, hoc • The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting with ille for `the former’) • The word is less irregular than it looks as most of the case forms (apart from the usual pronominal dative singular –i and genitve singular –ius) are the regular 1st/2nd declension ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally a separate word). An m turns into n before this: • *hamc > hanc • The feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative/accusative plural are identical - haec

26. hic (singular)

27. hic (singular)

28. hic (singular)

29. hic (singular)

30. hic (singular)

31. hic (plural)

32. hic (plural)

33. hic (plural)

34. hic (plural)

35. hic (plural)

36. ille, illa, illud (singular) • Basic meaning is `that’, but also means `the former’ (contrasting with hic for `the latter’) • Endings are almost all regular, except for the masculine and neuter singular nominative (ille, illud) and the pronominal –īus and –ī for genitive and dative singular • This word is the origin for the definite article and the words for he and she in most Romance languages

37. ille (singular)

38. ille (singular)

39. ille (singular)

40. ille (singular)

41. ille (singular)

42. ille (plural)

43. ille (plural)

44. ille (plural)

45. ille (plural)

46. ille (plural)

47. iste, ista, istud • The basic meaning is `that’, in the sense of distant from the speaker but probably near the person being spoken to. • It can often be translated as `that…of yours’, with the implication that the object or person described is worthless. • Iste amīcus mē minimē dēlectat.(I don’t at all like that friend of yours) • The endings are exactly the same as those of ille

48. iste (singular)

49. iste (singular)

50. iste (singular)