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French Revolution

French Revolution. History 3152 September 26, 2007. Timeline of Major Events. 1789 January 24: Summoning of the States-General  May 5: Meeting of the States-General  June 17: National Assembly declared  June 20: Tennis Court Oath  July 9: National Constituent Assembly declared 

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French Revolution

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  1. French Revolution History 3152 September 26, 2007

  2. Timeline of Major Events • 1789 • January 24: Summoning of the States-General  • May 5: Meeting of the States-General  • June 17: National Assembly declared  • June 20: Tennis Court Oath  • July 9: National Constituent Assembly declared  • July 14: Storming of the Bastille  • August 4: Surrender of feudal rights  • August 27: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen  • October 5-6: Outbreak of the Paris mob; Liberal monarchical constitution  • 1790 • July 14: Constitution accepted by King Louis XVI  • July -- : Growing power of the clubs (including: Cordeliers, Jacobin Club)  • 1791 • June 20-25: Flight to Varennes of the royal family  • July 17: Champ-de-Mars massacre  • September 30: Dissolution of the National Constituent Assembly  • October 1: Legislative Assembly meets  • August 27: Declaration of Pillnitz ( Frederick William II and Leopold II) 

  3. Timeline of Major Events • 1792 • February 7: Alliance of Austria and Prussia  • April 20: French declare war against Austria  • August 10: Storming of the Tuileries Palace. Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody  • September 2-7: The September Massacres  • September 21: National Convention meets; Abolition of the monarchy  • December: Trial of Louis XVI before the Convention  • 1793    • January 21: Execution of Louis XVI  • February 1: War declared against Britain, Holland, Spain  • March -- : Royalist revolt in the Vendée  • April -- : Power centered in the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security  • July 13: Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat  • September 17: Passing of the Law of Maximum Général: a comprehensive program of wage and price controls  • October 16: Execution of Marie Antoinette  • October 31: Execution of Girondists  • November 10: Abolition of the worship of god: Cult of Reason  • December -- : Retreat of the allies across the Rhine 

  4. Timeline of Major Events • 1794 • January 19 : English land in Corsica  • February 4 : Abolition of slavery in colonies  • March 24 : Execution of the Hébertists  • April 6 : Execution of the Dantonists  • June 8 : Festival of the Supreme Being  • June 10 : Law of 22 Prairial (power to the Revolutionary Tribunal)  • June 26 : Battle of Fleurus (1794) (French victory in Belgium)  • July 27 : Fall of Maximilien Robespierre (9 Thermidor)  • December 24 : Repeal of maximum  • 1795 • March 5 : Treaty of Basel (Prussia withdraws from war)  • April 1 : Bread riots in Paris  • June 8 : Death of the dauphin ( Louis XVII)  • August 22 : Constitution of 1795  • October 5 : Napoleon's "whiff of grape-shot"  • October 26 : Convention dissolved; Directory begins  • 1796 • March 5 : War against the Holy Roman Empire  • March 9 Marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte and Josephine  • May 10 Battle of Lodi (Napoleon in Italy)  • July Siege of Mantua 

  5. Timeline of Major Events • 1797 • April 18 Preliminary Peace of Leoben  • July 8 : Cisalpine Republic established  • September 4 : Coup d'Etat at Paris (republicans over reactionaries)  • October 17 : Treaty of Campo Formio  • 1798 • February -- : Roman Republic proclaimed  • April -- : Helvetian Republic proclaimed  • July 21 : Battle of the Pyramids  • August 1 : Battle of the Nile  • December 24 : Alliance between Russia and Britain  • 1799 - Beginning of the Napoleonic Era • June 17-19 : Battle of the Trebia (Suvorov defeats French)  • August 24 : Napoleon leaves Egypt  • October 22 : Russians withdraw from coalition  • November 9 : The Coup d'Etat of Brumaire (18 Brumaire): end of the Directory  • December 24 : Constitution of the Year VIII: Dictatorship of Napoleon established under the Consulate

  6. Girondists • The Girondists were • A political faction in both the Legislative Assembly and National Convention • Not an organized political party but did share common principles • Most famous were from the Gironde • 12 Deputies; 6 of whom were lawyers that sat in both L.A and N.C.: Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud, Marguerite Élie Guadet, Armand Gensonné, Jean Antoine Laffargue de Grangeneuve and Jean Jay, • Along with the tradesman Jean François Ducos • Were republicans but were more advanced politically than the moderate Royalism of the deputies in Paris • Radicals but were men of theory rather than action • Federalism vs. unified nation • Thomas Paine was associated with the Girondists

  7. Basics of Britain and the French Revolution • PM William Pitt from 1783-1801 and 1804-1806 • George III was King • British Response: • Another 1688? • Weakening of France? • Threat to the nation? • Did inspire revival of the radical parliamentary reform movement • Threat to the oligarchy

  8. The Revolution’s Impact on Britain & The Coming of War • Corresponding Societies • Push for rights; universal suffrage • 1792 “Proclamation Against Seditious Writings” • Start of British gov’t crackdown • 1792: French defeat Austrians and annex Austrian Netherlands (roughly modern Belgium); Brits decide to go to war

  9. The War with France • Basically non-stop from 1793-1815 • Make up for loss in America • Strength of the Royal Navy • Taking of French colonies • Paid mercenaries from small German states & subsidies to Austria and Prussia to do the fighting • Army only about 50,000 strong; 12,000 in Ireland

  10. War with France • Allies: Austria, Prussia, Russia • Not unified goals; fight over land (Poland) • Underestimated the French “espirit de corps” • Nationalism/patriotism new concepts • British war effort struggled for first 5 years • By 1797 Brits stood alone against France • Go after West Indies; nearly 40,000 died of yellow fever

  11. The War with France • British trade with France collapsed; French privateers had success against British commercial shipping  Recession • #s of Radical mvmnts hard to know • 1795: the LCS had about 5000 • Large rallies; LCS got 100,000 in London more than once • Before 1797 stuck to petitions and persuasion

  12. The War with France • Gov’t took radicals very seriously • 1794 suspension of Habeus Corpus • 1795 “Two Acts” • No meetings of more than 50 people • Writing/Speaking against King or constitution was treason • Drove Radical mvmnt underground; divided into cells bent on revolution • 1797 Napoleon as commander-in-chief of French army begins to plan invasion of England

  13. The War with France • 1798 Uprising in Ireland • 1798-1813 The British and French slogging it out • French dominant on land until 1813 • Britain dominated the sea; staved off invasion • 5 Main phases: • 1 (1798-1802) new coalition against France; destroyed by Napoleon

  14. The War with France • Phase 2 (1802-1803) Peace of Amiens—truce • Phase 3 (1803-1812) Napoleon had unparalleled domination over Europe; defeated 3rd coalition but lost at Trafalgar (1805) • Post Trafalgar = British Naval Blockade • 1806: Continental System • Phase 4 (1812-1813) Failed invasion of Russia; Defeated by coalition (B, P, R, A) • Phase 5 (1815) Napoleon escapes exile at Elba, rallied his army, final defeat at Waterloo

  15. The Spoils & Costs of War • No land in Europe • Malta, Guiana, Tobago, St. Lucia, Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius • Restoration of Balance of Power • “Concert of Europe” • Up to 210,000 died in combat or from disease • 1 in every 85 people in British Isles; more than WWII • Cost: 1.5 billion pounds • Oligarchy firmly entrenched in power; no revolution, land value and rent up

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