Why can nationalism be viewed as the most important force of the 19 th century?

1. CHAPTER: 24 – The Age of Nationalism OVERALL • Why can nationalism be viewed as the most important force of the 19th century?

2. Napoleon III in France • How is Louis Napoleon able to gain control of the government of the Second Republic? Napoleonic legacy “common man” National Assembly coup d’etat / plebiscite

3. Napoleon III in France • Napoleon III – dictator, crafty politician, or enlightened despot? economic government involvement workers electoral system

4. Napoleon III in France • In what direction is France moving by 1870? foreign affairs constitution Franco-Prussian War

5. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • How are things shifting in Italy during the first half of the 19th century? Congress of Vienna Mazzini Gioberti Sardinia-Piedmont Victor Emmanuel Revolution of 1848 Pius IX

6. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • What are Cavour’s methods? 1815 1861 1859 1860 liberal constitution Napoleon III

7. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • What are Garibaldi’s methods? Red Shirts Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

8. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • How do the two methods converge? Papal States plebiscite parliamentary monarchy profound divisions

9. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • What is the situation in the German states following the Revolutions of 1848? German Confederation German Confederation Zollverein Prussian parliament Wilhelm I

10. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • How does the new minister, Bismarck, respond to the liberal, and voter, opposition? “blood and iron” taxation / military Schleswig-Holstein / Danish War Austro-Prussian War North German Confederation

11. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • How does Bismarck eliminate his middle class liberal opposition? President / Chancellor universal male suffrage

12. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • How does Bismarck put the icing on the cake of unification? Spanish throne / Ems telegram Franco-Prussian War / Sedan Kaiser / Chancellor / Reichstag Alsace-Lorraine balance of power

13. original message: His Majesty the King has written to me: Count Benedetti intercepted me on the promenade and ended by demanding of me, in a very importunate manner, that I should authorize him to telegraph at once that I bound myself in perpetuity never again to give my consent if the Hohenzollerns renewed their candidature. I rejected this demand somewhat sternly, as it is neither right nor possible to undertake engagements of this kind [for ever and ever]. Naturally, I told him that I had not yet received any news and, since he had been better informed via Paris and Madrid than I was, he must surely see that my government was not concerned in the matter. [The King, on the advice of one of his ministers], decided, in view of the above-mentioned demands, not to receive Count Benedetti any more, but to have him informed, by an adjutant, that His Majesty had now received [from Leopold] confirmation of the news which Benedetti had already had from Paris and had nothing further to say to the ambassador. His Majesty suggests to Your Excellency, that Benedetti's new demand and its rejection might well be communicated both to our ambassadors and to the Press. Bismarck's published version: After the news of the renunciation of the Prince von Hohenzollern had been communicated to the Imperial French government by the Royal Spanish government, the French Ambassador in Ems made a further demand on His Majesty the King that he should authorize him to telegraph to Paris that His Majesty the King undertook for all time never again to give his assent should the Hohenzollerns once more take up their candidature. His Majesty the King thereupon refused to receive the Ambassador again and had the latter informed by the Adjutant of the day that His Majesty had no further communication to make to the Ambassador.

14. Nation Building in the United States • How is the United States like Europe economically? industry agriculture

15. Nation Building in the United States centralization regionalism

16. Nation Building in the United States • How is the United States like Europe imperialistically? Homestead Act “manifest destiny”

17. The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire • What are mid-century Russia’s problems and what reforms are instituted to change its course? Crimean War Alexander II / “reform from above” Edict of Emancipation zemtsvolegal system

18. The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire • How do things change in Russia after 1881? Alexander III Sergei Witte Trans-Siberian Railroad

19. The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire • How does revolution finally come to Russia? Nicholas II Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday October Manifesto Duma Fundamental Laws agrarian “reform”

20. The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire • What problems are plaguing the Ottoman Empire into the 1830’s? economy Russian expansion Serbia / Greece Muhammad Ali

21. The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire • How do the Ottomans attempt to reform their system? Tanzimat Imperial Rescript of 1857

22. The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire • What prevents the Ottoman Empire from becoming a western styled government? Balkans imperialism Abdulhamid Young Turks

23. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • In general, how is Europe progressing toward the First World War? voter loyalty (women’s suffrage) multi-party coalitions social welfare “us vs. them” anti-Semitism

24. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • How is the new German Empire evolving toward World War I? TARIFFS Bismarck / Reichstag National Liberals Kulturkampf Catholic Center Party / Junkers protectionism Social Democratic Party social security system Wilhelm II

25. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • How does France evolve toward World War I as a “house of cards”? Third Republic Paris Commune Thiers Gambetta unions / educational reform Dreyfus Affair Emile Zola

26. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • How does Great Britain evolve toward World War I? Disraeli Gladstone Reform Bills – 1867, 1884 Benjamin Disraeli Lords / Commons People’s Budget David Lloyd George William Gladstone Home Rule Bill Ulsterites

27. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • Where else does nationalism win out over a progressive government? Norway / Sweden

28. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • How is Austria-Hungary evolving toward World War I? Germanization Dual Monarchy Magyars

29. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 • Why is Zionism “Jewish nationalism”? Revolution of 1848 German Empire – emancipation Stock Market Crash of 1873 Karl Lueger / Christian Socialists pogroms / emigration Theodor Herzl

30. Marxism and the Socialist Movement • Why is 1850-1914 the era of socialism, not nationalism? German Social Democratic Party Workers International Second International May Day

31. Marxism and the Socialist Movement • How is socialism actually changing from what Marx envisioned? suffrage / patriotism social welfare programs standard of living labor unions collective bargaining

32. Marxism and the Socialist Movement • How is socialist theory being changed? Reichstag Eduard Bernstein Revisionism – Evolutionary Socialism Jean Jaures German Social Democratic Party Fabians – Labour Party