19 th Century Timelines Episode Nine: Century of the Machine (1800-1900)

1. 19th Century TimelinesEpisode Nine: Century of the Machine (1800-1900) • http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/millennium/learning/timelines/

2. How the World Has Changed – World’s 5 Largest Urban Areas (million population) 1800 Peking (Beijing) 1.1 London .86 Canton .80 Edo (Tokyo) .69 Constantinople (Istanbul) .57

3. How the World Has Changed – World’s 5 Largest Urban Areas (million population) 1900 London 6.5 New York 4.2 Paris 3.3 Berlin 2.7 Chicago 1.7

4. The Larger Nineteenth-Century World ContextBy 1800 the British navy ruled the seas but inexpensive Indian cottons still ruled the English markets. Beautifully hand-crafted, brightly-colored calico prints were far more desirable than traditional, scratchy English wool. English merchants sought ways to compete.

5. The answer lay in the mechanization of the spinning and weaving process. The wave of industrialization that followed these early innovations in textile manufacturing had a greater impact on people around the world than any change since the agricultural revolution.

6. Industrialization Industrialization came in three distinct stages. First, machines were invented to augment human labor. John McKay's flying shuttle and James Hargreaves' spinning jenny reduced the number of workers needed for making textiles and speeded up the process.

7. In the second stage, inexpensive sources of power replaced the efforts of humans and animals. The water wheel is an early example, but a far more satisfactory attempt was James Watt's steam engine. The need for durable machines stimulated the development of the Bessemer process to produce the strong, high-grade steel needed to make these machines.

8. In the third stage, engineers analyzed and improved the process of manufacturing. Eli Whitney introduced interchangeable parts for his inventions, making the production process more efficient. Henry Ford's assembly line would similarly speed up production in the twentieth century.

9. Transportation and Communication Cheap manufactured products were ready for shipment everywhere. The balance of trade shifted to the West, as London became the world's new financial capital. Modern corporations were formed. Plans for the Suez and Panama Canals moved from the drawing board to the construction phase.

10. The steam engine opened new lands to railroad transport and seas to steamships. Both of these inexpensive, reliable modes of transportation were scheduled and coordinated with the use of the telegraph. From 1850 to 1900, transport and communications improved and reached a global scale

11. Labor, Migrations, and Demographic Change Populations continued to expand in most parts of the world, though isolated peoples in Polynesia and Siberia died of infectious diseases. In the early decades of the century, the plantation system was expanded, increasing the demand for African slave labor.

12. When slavery was abolished toward the end of the century, contract laborers from India and then China replaced slave laborers. Factories were hiring the poor; even young children were willing to work long hours in dangerous conditions for reduced wages.

13. As some nations passed legislation to regulate child labor, poor European immigrants became the new work force. By the end of the century, nearly 50 million Europeans had immigrated to new lands.

14. Consequences of Industrialization Industrialization caused significant disruption within and between societies around the world. Mid-century conflicts like the Opium Wars, the Crimean War, and the American Civil War demonstrated the advantages industrialized societies achieved by using mass-produced weaponry in armed conflicts.

15. The century ended with the Battle of Omdurman (1898) in which the British killed eleven thousand Sudanese and lost <400 soldiers. Industrialization also brought changes to the basic organization of societies; as Japan and Russia began industrializing, their class structures changed.

16. Quest for Raw Materials and Markets The second half of the nineteenth century, for industrialized societies, ushered in an imperialist quest for raw materials, new markets, and new territories. For non-industrialized societies, the nineteenth century brought conquest, colonialism, and dependency.

17. Those who sold raw materials and bought manufactured goods in an era of free trade were at a disadvantage. Societies like India and China, which had strong economies in 1750, were unable to develop their own manufacturing capabilities and compete in the global market.

18. Mass-produced rifles, automatic machine guns, and armored warships had given industrialized societies an important advantage. The century ended with Europe, the United States, and Japan locked in a contest for markets, raw materials, and colonies.

19. Dates/Developments of the 19 Century 1804 – Haiti wins independence 1812 – Canned Food 1819 – Bolivar liberates Colombia, 1826 – First photograph 1829 – First water filtration

20. 1830 – First all-steam railway 1834 – Refrigeration 1838 – Rise of labor movement 1839 – Goodyear vulcanizes rubber 1844 – Marx meets Engels, 1844 – Morse’s telegraph

21. 1846 – Anesthesia used in surgery 1848 – Birth of women’s suffrage movement 1851 – Singer sewing machine 1854 – Otis’s elevator 1854 – Bessemer refines steel 1859 – First oil well drilled

22. 1859 – Darwin’s Origin of the Species, 1865 – Civil War ends U.S. slavery, 1866 – Mendel’s Law of Heredity 1867 – Nobel invents dynamite 1869 – Suez Canal opens

23. 1876 – Bell invents telephone 1876 – Edison opens laboratory 1882 – Germ theory of disease proved 1886 – Coca-Cola bottled

24. 1895 – First motion picture 1895 – Rontgen discovers X-rays 1896 – Modern Olympics

25. Nineteenth Century People Jane Addams 1860 – 1935, Jane Addams founded Chicago's Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in North America, in 1889. Regarded as the mother of social work,

26. Susan B. Anthony 1820 – 1906, Her tireless campaign for women's suffrage made her a leader in the first wave of American feminism. After brazenly casting a vote in 1872, she was arrested and fined $100 (which she never paid). The ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, 14 years after her death, finally confirmed her credo, "Failure is impossible."

27. Phineas T. Barnum 1810 – 1891 The patron saint of promoters, he had a flair for the spectacular that was -- and perhaps still is – unmatched. The circus he dubbed the Greatest Show on Earth, sealed his reputation as the consummate showman.

28. Ludwig von Beethoven Arguably Western music's greatest composer, expanded the traditional sonata, quartet, concerto and symphony into personal expressions both sublime and profound.

29. Alexander Graham Bell 1847 – 1922 When Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876. Three days after the patent was issued, or so the legend goes, he spilled battery acid on his clothes while working near a transmitter in his lab. His shout for help to his assistant became the first phone transmission of voice.

30. Otto von Bismark 1815 – 1898 Otto von Bismarck unified his homeland with other German states into a single powerful nation. Remembered by some as a moderate, he's seen by others as a ruthless conservative who set the stage for fascism.

31. Charles Darwin Though not the sole originator of the evolution hypothesis, nor even the first to apply the concept of descent to plants and animals, he was the first thinker to gain for that theory a wide acceptance among biological experts.

32. Simon Bolivar 1783 – 1830, El Libertador devoted his life to fighting for the independence of northern South America. Military leader, statesman, dictator, Simón Bolívar was also the emancipator of Venezuela and Colombia and a key figure in the liberation of Ecuador and Peru.

33. Napoleon Bonaparte 1769 – 1821 Napoléon Bonaparte seized power in France in 1799 and quickly set out to conquer the world. He said he hoped to build a federation of free governments throughout Europe. But to some, Napoleon looked like a tyrant.

34. Nicephore Niepce 1765 - 1833 Louis Daguerre 1789 – 1851In 1826, the Frenchman Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce took a picture of a courtyard and a granary framed by a pigeon house and a bread oven’s chimney. This eight-hour exposure, was the world's first photograph. Later Louis Daguerre reproduced an image that required just a 20 minutes' exposure

36. Frederick Douglas 1818 – 1895 A self-made intellectual, he decried the ignorance and bigotry of a slave society. Crisscrossing the Union, he testified about the bonds that held his people's bodies and souls. His first autobiography was an overnight success; his North Star newspaper was, like Douglass himself, a never-to-be-ignored beacon of morality.

37. Thomas Edison 1847 – 1931 In 1879, Thomas Edison gave humans the power to create light without fire, by inventing a long-lasting, affordable incandescent lamp. The night after his funeral, Americans dimmed their lights for the man who lit up the world.

38. Michael Faraday 1791 – 1867 He laid the groundwork for the electrical age. The Englishman's discoveries and inventions dealing with magnetic fields and electric currents showed there was promise in power.

39. Theodore Herzl 1860 – 1904 Theodor Herzl is considered the father of the movement that eventually led to the founding of a Jewish state, Israel. 

40. Abraham Lincoln 1809 – 1865 When Abraham Lincoln took his first presidential oath in 1861, he faced the greatest crisis in his nation's history. The fabric of the American experiment, "a more perfect Union," was being torn apart. This son of a poor Kentucky farmer led his countrymen -- South as well as North -- back to union.

41. Joseph Lister 1827 – 1912 Joseph Lister revolutionized surgery. Inspired by Pasteur, he reasoned that if microbes could cause infection, they could be killed before reaching the open wound. His method, employing carbolic acid as an antiseptic on dressings and instruments as well as on surgeons and patients, resulted in stunning statistics.

42. Karl Marx 1818 – 1883 He devoted his life to political journalism, supported by his patron and writing partner, Friedrich Engels. Marx's vision of a postcapitalist world where the working class owns the means of production has not come to pass, but his critique of the class system has inspired millions.

43. Hiram Maxim 1840 – 1916 He changed the way we wage war. In 1884, Hiram Maxim, an American-born British inventor, developed a recoil mechanism that made it possible to load cartridges into a machine gun and eject them without using a hand crank. As a result World War I came to be called the machine gun war.

44. Gregor Mendel 1882 – 1884 Gregor Mendel, a 19th century Austrian monk, discovered a basic principle of biology. Not until 16 years after his death was he recognized for having discovered the fundamentals of genetics.

45. Samuel F.B. Morse 1791 – 1872 Morse developed the first telegraph machine. By 1844, when he wired (in his Morse Code) the biblical verse "What hath God wrought!" from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, there was no question that Morse – an influential painter and publisher as well as an inventor -- had invented a new way to communicate.

46. Florence Nightingale 1820 – 1910 Florence Nightingale served with the British army during the Crimean War, turning filthy, vermin-infested camps where the wounded were brought to die into clean wards where they could heal.. Nightingale worked for improved conditions in hospitals and workhouses, and established the first school for nurses.

47. Louis Pasteur 1822 – 1895 The French chemist discovered that heat killed the microorganisms that turned wine sour. The process of "pasteurization" is now applied to many foods and beverages. His greatest contribution was his work on the germ theory of disease. Pasteur founded the modern science of immunology.

48. Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1852 – 1934 Ramon y Cajal's work is the foundation of modern neuroscience, the study of everything from the biological basis of psychology to how a person learns, remembers, smells, sees, walks and talks – in essence, how the brain makes us what we are.

49. John D. Rockefeller 1839 – 1937 John D. Rockefeller was the first billionaire, building his pile on the monolithic Standard Oil Co. At age 58, after three decades as an oilman, the robber baron turned to charity. He spent $540 million -- the equivalent of $5.6 billion today – on projects primarily in medical research and education.

50. Nikola Tesla 1856 – 1943 His work on the rotating magnetic field and alternating current (AC, as in AC/DC, the patents for which he sold to George Westinghouse in 1885) helped electrify the world by enabling power to travel over wires to customers great distances away.