Turn of the Century

1. Turn of the Century

2. Standard: • SS5H3 The student will describe how life changed in America at the turn of the century. • a. Describe the role of the cattle trails in the late 19th century; include the Black Cowboys of Texas, the Great Western Cattle Trail, and the Chisholm Trail. • b. Describe the impact on American life of the Wright brothers (flight), George Washington Carver (science), Alexander Graham Bell (communication), and Thomas Edison (electricity). • c. Explain how William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt expanded America’s role in the world; include the Spanish-American War and the building of the Panama Canal. • d. Describe the reasons people emigrated to the United States, from where they emigrated, and where they settled. • e. Describe the impact of westward expansion on Native Americans; include the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the relocation of Native Americans to reservations.

3. Cattle Trails (Started in Texas) • Cowhands led cattle to railroads, where the cattle were shipped to eastern and northern cities.

4. Cattle Trails:

5. Supply and Demand of Cattle • Cattle Prices: • Texas= $4.oo each • East and North= $40.oo each • Cattle Demand • People wanted cattle for beef and leather • Cattle Supply • The supply of cattle was plentiful in Texas • Supply= High in Texas • Supply= Low in east and north • Cattle Demand: • The demand of cattle; • Demand= Low in Texas • Demand= High in east and north

6. The Black Cowboys of TEXAS: • Vaqueros- Mexican cowhands • Many cowhands were African-Americans or Mexicans • Cowhands slept on the ground wrapped in blankets • They took turns guarding the cattle from other animals and thieves • Cowhands became exhausted over the course of the cattle drives • Cattle drives lasted 20 years • Barbed Wire was invented • It was twisted wire with a sharp barb, or point, every few inches • Barbed wire blocked the cattle trails that crossed the Great Plains

7. Impact on American life (flight): • The Wright Brothers: • First in flight (airplane): Occurred in Kitty Hawk, NC • Two brothers made their dream of flight come true. After years of persistence and determination, they built and flew the first practical airplane. • It showed Americans that flying was possible • Charles Lindbergh- First person to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean

8. Impact on American life (Science): • George Washington Carver: • He worked at the Tuskegee Institute for more than 40 years. • He invented new products that could be made from common crops. • He invented over 300 products made from peanuts: • Peanut butter, peanut cheese, peanut milk • Cavers inventions helped farmers across the South.

9. Impact on Americans (Communication): • Alexander Graham Bell: • Invented the telephone in 1876 • People in large buildings used the telephone to talk to people on other floors. • People at home used the telephone to talk to friends and relatives miles away.

10. Impact on Americans (Electricity): • Thomas Edison: • He invented many electric devices, including the light bulb (1879). • People worked longer hours and businesses were able to stay open after dark. • The light bulb made it easier to read books and engage in other activities after dark • Electric lights were brighter than gaslights, and they could be placed in a room. • When homes were wired for electric lights, new inventions such as the toaster and refrigerator began to be widely used.

11. Spanish-American War • After the United States added Hawaii and Alaska as new territories, the US showed the world how powerful it was becoming. • Some American leaders wanted more • They believed in imperialism • Building a nation’s empire by adding colonies in other parts of the world. • Spain’s Empire: • Spain controlled only Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands • Cubans revolted against Spain and American newspapers wrote about Spain’s cruel treatment during the revolt. • This is called Yellow Journalism- exaggerated news • US conflict with Spain • 1898- US Maine exploded in Havana harbor, Cuba • American newspapers blamed Spain • President William McKinley declared war on Spain • Theodore Roosevelt helped fight the war against Spain • Spain Surrendered

12. After War Peace Agreement: • Spain gave the US territories: • Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • Cuba became independent McKinley • Important People: • President McKinley declared war on Spain • Theodore Roosevelt • Supported American imperialism, so he quit his job as assistant secretary of the US, and formed a volunteer fighting group called THE ROUGH RIDERS • Theodore Roosevelt

13. Native Americans and westward expansion • United States government officials tried to convince Plains Indians to sell land and move to reservations • Reservations- land that the government set aside for American Indians • Plains Indians did not want to live on reservations. • The Indians thought they were too small and far away. • They also didn’t want to become farmers because they were nomadic. • Plains Indians fought soldiers who tried to force them onto reservations. • Battle of Little Bighorn: • An example of how American Indians fought efforts to move them on reservations • All US soldiers were killed • American Indians led by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull won the battle.

14. Panama Canal • After the Spanish-American war, Theodore Roosevelt became president. • He decided to build a canal: Panama Canal: • It linked the Atlantic and Pacific ocean. • It made the trip around the tip of South America shorter, faster, and less expensive. • The canal took 10 years to complete

15. Immigrants in America • Reasons for Immigrants came to America • People were looking for work • Escape Persecution (unfair treatment or punishment) • Greater political freedom • Immigrants were from Asia and Europe • Immigration Stations: • Ellis Island (New York) • Angel Island (San Francisco Bay, CA): • A large number of Asians moved to the US. • About 25% were not allowed in the country, and they had to return home. • Doctors examined the immigrants to be sure they didn’t have diseases that could spread to others • Asians faced more prejudice than European immigrants

16. Immigrants Settle in America • Many immigrants settled in cities (around their own ethnic group) • Tenements: a poorly built apartment building • Many immigrants settled in tenement buildings • Tenements were crowded and unsafe • Jobs • Many immigrants worked in dangerous steel mills (Pittsburgh= steel city) • They worked in noisy and dirty factories • They worked for long hours and low pay