Labor and socialism Some European countries had caught up to Great Britain in industrialization.

1. Labor and socialism • Some European countries had caught up to Great Britain in industrialization. **Had benefit of not having to start at beginning but take on the latest technology: • France -- French Revolution was over. Stable period of government after 1848 • Germany -- trade union of German states—cooperative relationship • Now others: Russia, Italian states had trouble and remained industrially primitive

2. Social relations between workers and factory owners (middle class) • Factory owners ----- bourgeoisie ---- In conflict with • Industrial workers ----- proletariat ---- (working class) • Proletariat will always be exploited by bourgeoisie until they begin to stand up for their rights. Need to develop what socialists callClass Consciousness --identification as exploited workers by middle class factory owners for profit while they suffered poverty and deprivation

3. Socialism: political ideology whose goal is the improvement of conditions for working class people. At some level all socialists wanted : • changing the existing capitalist system • condemn existing system of the concentration of wealth • getting rid of private property as the means of exploitation • develop cooperative relations between workers and owners • protect the poor and stop exploitation, poverty, deprivation

4. Some socialists very moderate--wanting to use the existing political system to make better laws; called on government for regulation and reform—”Utopian socialists” • Others much more radical in demands to overthrow existing system; demand government control over factories—Marxists and Communists

5. Utopian Socialism -- (utopia--nothing) • if you could remake the world... • **no more economic competition that brought exploitation • **Apply Enlightenment ideals to industrialization • **Create ideal societies of cooperation and harmony

6. Charles Fourier "most utopian" • (1772-1837) • Son of a cloth merchant-- • **Rejected ideals of business and repressive nature of work. • **Rejected industrial society--wanted to return to a more • rural, pastoral existence. • Utopian phalanxes--400 acres of land upon which • people (about 1600) would live communally and in harmony • **split profits • **share work • **liberation of values • Fourier • --anti-state, anti-industry, anti-liberal, anti-competition and anti-urban. • Oddly not an advocate of the abolition of private property, he envisaged a utopian society in "natural harmony" with the cosmos that could be achieved by non-violent means

7. Claude-Henri de St. Simon-- "most conservative" • (1760-1825) • Saint-Simon wanted the scientific organization of industry and society. He insisted upon a leadership of merit. He believed in a social hierarchy in which each man shall be placed according to his capacity and rewarded according to his works. • Saint-Simon advocated the complete emancipation of woman and her entire equality with man. • the abolition of the law of inheritance • the union of all the ‘instruments of labour’ by society—meaning public ownership of factories. • A "New Christianity" with scientists as priests

8. Robert Owen -- "most successful" • (1771-1858) • **manufacturer of cotton yarn • **concern for workers led him to experiment with better • schools for children and better factories for their parents. • New Lanark, Scotland • model industrial town • **better conditions • **education**housing still made him profit • **wages • Profits from factories went back into improvements in the community • Some of his other towns (New Harmony, IN) did not work • but ideas of cooperation and planning influenced a • generation of industrialists in Britain

9. Karl Marx: • (1818-1883) • "scientific socialism" or Communism or Marxism • His work had a profound, long lasting influence on world history. • Intellectual, writer, philosopher • Born in Germany where he studied philosophy and politics. Studied and worked with many socialists

10. 1848 • Marx was a journalist in Paris at time of the Paris uprising of 1848 • wrote Communist Manifesto to stir the working class to fight. • "Working men of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains." • Uprising failed. He was exiled from France and he fled to England where he continued to write and study politics and economics. • Das Kapital 1867

11. Ideas: • dynamic nature of history and exploitation--one class vs another-- • have vs have nots, exploiters vs exploited, master vs slave • This "class struggle" drove history • In industrial society its factory owner (bourgeoisie) vs factory worker (proletariat)

12. Class consciousness or class identification-- All workers solely identify themselves as exploited workers • -- this is their chief identification no matter where in the world • --thus uniting them by their exploitation and desire to overcome it • Marx predicted an "inevitable" class revolution where the proletariat overthrows the bourgeoisie and a "class less" society emerged.

13. A communal based society or communist society. • ** no private property • ** no inheritance • ** centralize all government function • ** centralize all banking functions • ** All class distinctions disappear • **Production in the hands of the workers • **All exploitation cease

14. Problems:**"utopian" goal of classless society hard to achieve • **denial of identity by religion, ethnicity, language, culture • **people want to become middle class not over throw it • ** The European economy improves over the course of the 19th century. It never goes as bad as Marx predicted.

15. Marx had lasting influence on socialism--radicalizing it to revolution. Not all socialists agreed with Marx. Many split from him and started their own political organizations and political parties. • Certainly the most important effect of Marx will come long after his death • the Russian Revolution of 1917 which will bring a communist style government to power in Russia.