EUROPEANIZATION

1. EUROPEANIZATION

2. DEFINTIONS I • Ladrech (1994: 17): “Europeanization is an incremental process reorienting the direction and shape of politics to the degree that EC political and economic dynamics become part of the organizational logic of national politics and policy-making”. • Ladrech, R. (1994), ‘Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions: The Case of France’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 32:1, 69-88;

3. DEFINTIONS II • Börzel (1999: 574): “a process by which domestic policy areas become increasingly subject to European policy-making • Börzel, T. (1999), “Towards Convergence in Europe? Institutional Adaptation to Europeanization in Germany and Spain”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39:4, 573-96; ”.

4. DEFINTIONS III • Risse, Cowles and Caporaso (2001: 3): “the emergence and development at the European level of distinct structures of governance, that is, of political, legal and social institutions associated with political problem solving that formalizes interactions among the actors, and of policy networks specializing in the creation of authoritative European rules” (italics in original). • Risse, T., Cowles, M. G. and Caporaso, J. (2001), “Europeanization and Domestic Change: Introduction”, in Cowles, M. G., Caporaso, J. and Risse, T. (eds.) (2001), Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press), 1-20;

5. DEFINTIONS IV • Héritier (2001): “the process of influence deriving from European decisions and impacting member states’ policies and political and administrative structures. It comprises the following elements: the European decisions, the processes triggered by these decisions as well as the impacts of these processes on national policies, decision processes and institutional structures”. • Héritier, A. et. al. (2001), Differential Europe. The European Union Impact on national Policymaking (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield)

6. DEFINTIONS V • Radaelli (2003: 30): Europeanization refers to: “Processes of (a) construction (b) diffusion and (c) institutionalisation of formal and informal rules, procedures, policy paradigms, styles, ‘ways of doing things’ and shared beliefs and norms which are first defined and consolidated in the making of EU decisions and then incorporated in the logic of domestic discourse, identities, political structures and public policies”. • Radaelli, C. (2003), ‘The Europeanization of Public Policy’, in Featherstone, K. and Radaelli, C. (2003) (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 27-56.

7. DEFINTIONS VI • Ladrech (2010: 2): Europeanization is … understood as the change within a member state whose motivating logic is tied to a EU policy or decision-making process. The prime concern of any Europeanization research agenda is therefore establishing the causal link, thereby validating the impact of the EU on domestic change. • Ladrech, R. (2010), Europeanization and National Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

8. NATION • Humans--the social spices (societies) • the idea of relations—activities between social entities—the notion of humans forming groups • Groups give group identification • Nation: People who feel they are part of a large identity group constitute a nation. SOME DEFINTIONS:

9. I • Renan: A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle … . A nation is a great solidarity, created by the sentiment of the sacrifices which have been made and of those which one is disposed to make in the future. It presupposes a past; but it resumes itself in the present by a tangible fact: the consent, the clearly expressed desire to continue life in common. The existence of a nation is a plebiscite of every day, as the existence of the individual is a perpetual affirmation of life

10. II • Scruton: sharing a common language (or dialects of a common language), inhabiting a fixed territory, with common customs and traditions, which may have become sufficiently conscious to take on the aspect of law, and who recognized common interests and a common need for a single sovereign. (The idea is that there is an explanatory unity among all the things mentioned

11. III • Stalin: ... a historically evolved, stable community of language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a community of culture

12. NATIONALISM US vs. THEM US and THEM • Nationalism refers to the psychological, cultural, and social forces that drive the formation of a nation. What produces the dichotomy? we-feeling? For example: • common language • common territory. • common economic activities

13. The State • Georg Jellinek’s definition of the state: 1. Population, 2. Territory,3. Sovereign Government

14. nation, state, and nation-state do have specific meanings, the three terms are often used interchangeably.

15. Forms of State-building • UNIFICATION: Germany • SEPARATION: Yugoslavia • EMPIRE: The Soviet Union • INVASION/OCCUPATION: Colonies

16. IMMAGINED COMMUNITY

17. DEMOS AND ETHNOS • European Demos • If European integration is to progress further, it has to switch to a higher level, that of citizenry (or demos) • In Europe, however, unlike in Canada, the demos is tied organically to the ethnos (nationality conceived in ethnic terms)

18. Ethnos is much, much older (and stronger, therefore) than demos, as liberal democracies in most of Europe are the development of the last several decades. This is why only in recent decades Members States have become functional and stable liberal democracies • The purpose of European demos is to tie the principles of liberal democracy to the EU level, thus creating European identity. This one, however, can only be a legal-political construct, along lines of Canadian identity. Thus, the Europeans should wear two hats when they are, and act like, citizens: one on national level (and tied to ethnos) and one on EU level, divorced from ethnos and based on demos, a la Canada