Rise of Industrial America

1. Rise of Industrial America Immigration, Urbanization, and Progressive Reforms

2. America’s Industrial Revolution: A renaissance of technology, innovation, and progress that rivals that of 15th century Italy.OrThe Gilded Age (Mark Twain): The glittering exterior of the age is politically corrupt at its core as well as the ever growing gap between the rich and the poor.

3. Brain Tickler • If the US had been poor in natural resources how would industrialization have been affected? • What invention/innovation had the greatest impact on American society?

4. “Manifest Destiny” “Spirit of Innovation” Natural Resources Transportation (RR) Mechanized Farming International Markets Unlimited Abundant, cheap labor force (Immigration) Increasing demand – Western/Urban Government Laissez-faire approach Corporate loans “Social Darwinism” Lack of regulation Low corporate taxes No personal income tax Lack of environmental controls Protective Tariffs Keys to America’s Industrial Growth

5. Key Terms/Ideas • How were RR’s essential in building industrial America? • Credit Mobilier - • Grangers: Demands & Impact • Impact of Panic of 1893 on RR’s & Industry

6. Supply & Demand • Capitalism – Free market system based on supplying the demand, adapting to economic environment, profits for common good. • No blueprint – Innovation with Consolidation • Profit Driven – Efficiency & Investment • Laissez-faire Cutthroat Competition (Unregulated) • Social Darwinism w/ gov’t $ and support • Emergence of “Capitalists” - Growth at expense of competition & work force • How do they benefit system? America?

7. Reality of Free Market Economy • Monopolization - “Robber Barons” • Carnegie’s US Steel – Bessemer Process • Rockefeller’s Standard Oil (Trust) • Undercutting, Intimidation – 90% Oil Refining in US • Trust’s Contribution to Gov’t Legislation (Lobby) • Buying/Bribing of Public Offices & Candidates • Local, State, National Gov’t Corruption • Willingness to challenge Trusts (Laws/Enforcement) • Philanthropy & “The Gospel of Wealth”

8. Positives Negatives Industrialism

11. Company Towns & Scrip

13. Haymarket Affair (May 4, 1886) • How might the convictions and executions of the suspected leaders of the Haymarket riot help to unify workers and increase union membership? • Speculate why many Americans believed the leaders of the riot deserved their fate. • Is the use of violence a justified means of achieving goals?

14. Knights of Labor (1869-1890’s) • Union – leverage for worker rights through political representation (arbitration) not strikes • 8 hr. workday, working conditions, workman’s compensation, equal pay for equal work • Skilled & Unskilled • Women, blacks, immigrants, (ALL) • Viewed as Radical & Foreign influenced

15. American Federation of Labor (Craft Union) • 1881 - Samuel Gompers • Male, Skilled Workers Only • 8 hr. workday, higher wages, collective bargaining • Conservative – exclusivity (no women or blacks) – looked less threatening to mainstream America • Limited by Mechanization of Industry

16. Industrial Workers of the World • 1905 – Bill Haywood • Industrial Union • Marxist – overthrow capitalism and workers own & operate factories • Strikes - revolutionary • Midwest, Western Miners and unskilled workers

18. Robber Barons (Cont.) • Rise of Trusts – centralized management through consolidating businesses (competitors) • Production, raw materials, distribution controlled by management – returns = stock profits • By 1904 – 319 industrial trusts had swallowed 5,300 independent manufacturers. 127 utility trusts (RR, power, etc.) drove out over 2,400 small companies)

19. Industrialization: Positives • Scientific & Technological Innovation • Steel, scientific management, medicine • Transportation and Communication • Mobility, Education & Mass Media • Growth of Middle Class • Economic Opportunity • Urban Mass Culture

20. Industrialism: Negatives • Free Market overrun by Monopolies/Trusts • Exploitation of the masses • Working Conditions (Yellow Dog Contracts) • Urban Conditions (Tenements) • Uneven distribution of wealth & Concentration of Power • Workers: Labor Movement and Perceptions • Environment/Resources: Profit or Protection?

22. Populism (Populist Party) • Agrarian Based Reforms – Small Man against the Eastern Banks & RR’s • Demands • Impact

23. Child Labor

24. Industrial & Urban Conditions • Industrial Growth: • Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism • Disenfranchised – worker protections • Poor Working & Living Conditions of Labor • Rapid rise of Industry & Immigration to U.S. • Political Machines & Corruption • Sanitation, Tenements, Segregation, Policing Cities, Firefighting • Political Protection for Votes & Business for $

25. Homestead Act: 1862 • 160 acres available to anyone who could maintain land for 5 years • New Englanders, Southerners, Europeans, “Exodusters” • RR’s Link frontier & enhance land values • RR’s – given huge tracks of land by gov’t • 10 Sq. miles of public land for every mile of track laid in state (20 Sq. miles for territory)

26. Opening the Frontier Cont. • RR’s advertise their lands as “better than Homestead” – across nation and ocean • RR’s sell lands for $2 - $10 per acre • 1870’s & 1880’s – 4 Transcontinental RR’s • 1880 census – foreign born settlers as high as 44% - 70% in Western states & territories • 1889 Oklahoma land rush – 2 million acres claimed in 24 hours!

27. Flat Iron Building