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Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech. NOUN. Person, place, thing, idea Common (n): names a general noun; begins with a lower case letter (i.e. city) Proper noun (N): names a specific noun; begins with a capital letter (i.e. Alabaster) Possessive (pos. n., pos. N): shows ownership (i.e. girl’s, Luci’s ).

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Parts of Speech

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  1. Parts of Speech

  2. NOUN • Person, place, thing, idea • Common (n): names a general noun; begins with a lower case letter (i.e. city) • Proper noun (N): names a specific noun; begins with a capital letter (i.e. Alabaster) • Possessive (pos. n., pos. N): shows ownership (i.e. girl’s, Luci’s)

  3. Types of Nouns • Collective Nouns(col n, col N): a noun that names a group of individual people or things • EX: class, flock, team, crew • Compound Nouns (com n, com N): a noun made up of two or more words • EX: workshop, doghouse, mother-in-law, Ice Age

  4. Pronoun (pro) • Used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns • The word the pronoun stands for is called its ANTECEDENT • Mrs. Flowers opened the book and began reading it.

  5. Personal pronouns • Refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person) or the one spoken about (third person)

  6. PRONOUNS (pro)-reflexive (ref) • Reflects back to “self”

  7. Demonstrative pronoun (dem) • THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE • Points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea • Ex: This is Ernie’s bike.

  8. Interrogative pronoun (int) • WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE • Introduces a question • Ex: Who is the author of “Flowers for Algernon”?

  9. Relative pronoun (rp) • THAT , WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE • Introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause • Ex: Mr. White received the two hundred pounds that he had wished for.

  10. Indefinite pronouns (ind) • Refer to a person, a place, or a thing that is not specifically named • Ex: All of them wanted to hear the story of Urashma Taro. • Ex: The travelers saw someone. • Most common indefinite pronouns: all, any, anyone, both, each, either, everybody, few, many, none, no one, one, several, some, something

  11. ADJECTIVE (adj) • Modifies nouns and pronouns (i.e. I have a green pen. They are happy.) • Answers the questions “Which one?” “How many?” or “What kind?” • ARTICLES (art): a, an, the • PROPER ADJECTIVE (Adj): proper noun used as an adjective (American flag)

  12. VERB • Shows action or helps to make a statement • ACTION VERB (av): • LINKING VERB (lv): • HELPING VERB (hv):

  13. ACTION VERB (av) • Shows action (visible or mental) • Visible: jump, grow, deliver • Mental: believe, know, think • Examples: • She wrote a note. • The dog smells the flower.

  14. LINKING VERB (lv) • Links two words together • The most common linking verb is “to be” • “sense” verbs are also often linking verbs, such as appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, etc. • Ex: The flower smells pretty. (flower=pretty)

  15. HELPING VERB (hv) • “helps” an action verb or linking verb • If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If it has three verbs, the first two are helping, etc. • Ex: We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is an action verb.) • Ex: She will be cold without a jacket. (Be is a linking verb.)

  16. ADVERB (adv) • Modifies adjectives (i.e. really cute), verbs (extremely fast), and other adverbs (very easily) • Answers the question “How?”, “When?”, “Where?”, or “To what extent?” • NOT, NEVER, OFTEN, and ALWAYS are always adverbs

  17. PREPOSITION (prep) • Shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence • i.e. We went to school. We went up the stairs. • Common prepositions include: across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc.

  18. CONJUNCTION • Joins words, phrases, and clauses • COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc): • CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj): • SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc):

  19. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc) • acronym FANBOYS • (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) • Ex: I ran AND jumped.

  20. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj) • not only/but also • neither/nor • either/or • both/and • Ex: Both Emily and Hannah have pencils.

  21. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc) • Starts adverb (adv) dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by subject and verb) • Most common are: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. • Ex: I have known Susan since I was 11.

  22. INTERJECTION (int) • Expresses emotion but has no real connection with the rest of the sentence • Set apart from the sentence by a comma or an exclamation point • i.e. No, I’m not finished with my homework. Wow! What a great new car!

  23. VERBAL • A word formed from a verb but acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb • GERUND (ger) • PARTICIPLE (part) • INFINITIVE (inf)

  24. GERUND (ger) • Verb acting like a noun; ends in ING • i.e. Reading is fun.

  25. PARTICIPLE (part) • Verb acting like an adjective; ends in ING, ED, or other past tense endings • i.e. I have running shoes. Frightened, I ran down the street. It’s an unspoken rule.

  26. INFINITIVE (inf) • To + verb • Can act like a noun (I like to eat), adjective (It’s the best place to eat), or adverb (I need a pen to write a letter)

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