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I. An Era of General Crisis II. The Italian Renaissance III. Italian Renaissance Art

I. An Era of General Crisis II. The Italian Renaissance III. Italian Renaissance Art IV. The Northern Renaissance V. The Crisis in the Catholic Church: 1300–1517 VI. Luther and the German Reformation VII. Henry VIII and the Anglican Reformation

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I. An Era of General Crisis II. The Italian Renaissance III. Italian Renaissance Art

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  1. I. An Era of General Crisis II. The Italian Renaissance III. Italian Renaissance Art IV. The Northern Renaissance V. The Crisis in the Catholic Church: 1300–1517 VI. Luther and the German Reformation VII. Henry VIII and the Anglican Reformation VIII. Protestantism from Switzerland to Holland IX. Reform in the Catholic Church

  2. I. An Era of General Crisis Renaissance Europe

  3. I. An Era of General Crisis • A. Economic Depression and the Bubonic Plague • Drought > famine > weakness • 1347–1350, plague • “Black Death” • B. The Plague’s Effect on European Society • End of medieval economic system • serfdom > wage labor Renaissance Europe

  4. II. The Italian Renaissance • A. Literary Precedents • vernaculars • Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) • Divine Comedy • Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340–1400) • Canterbury Tales • Christine de Pizan (1365–c. 1430) • The Book of the City of Ladies • B. The Italian Setting for the Development of Humanism • Definition • Capitalism Medici (1434–1494) • D. Humanism and the Classical Revival • Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374) • “Father of Humanism” • Latin poetry • Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) • Decameron E. Classical Revival and Philosophy • “The Academy” • Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) • Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494)

  5. III. Italian Renaissance Art • A. From Giotto to Donatello • Giotto (c. 1266–1337) • Masaccio (1401–1428) • Sandro Botticelli (1447–1510) • Donatello (1386–1466) • B. The High Renaissance, 1500–1530 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) • Raphael (1483–1520) • Vatican frescoes • Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) • Sistine Chapel • Mannerism • Parmigianino

  6. C. Northern Painting • Jan van Eyck (c. 1395–1441) • e.g., The Arnolfini Wedding • Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) • Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543) • Hieronymus Bosch (1480–1516) • The Garden of Delights • Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525–1569) • D. Northern Humanists • Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1466–1536) • The Praise of Folly, 1511 • Sir Thomas More (1478–1535) • Utopia • IV. The Northern Renaissance A. The Influence of Printing • Johann Gutenberg, 1440s • movable type • B. Humanism • François Rabelais (c. 1483–1553) • Gargantua and Pantagruel • Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) • essays • Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523) • National Literatures • Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616) • Don Quixote de la Mancha • William Shakespeare (1564–1616) • England • Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

  7. D. The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement College of Cardinals • Conciliar Movement • 1395, University of Paris • 1417—Schism ended • E. Spiritual and Intellectual Developments • Italian city-states • e.g., Milan • Gallican Church • Augustinians • V. The Crisis in the Catholic Church: 1300–1517 A. Boniface VIII (1294–1303) • Unam Sanctam (1302) B. Avignon Papacy (1302–1377) • The Great Schism (1378–1417) • Rome v. Avignon • C. Wycliffe and Hus • John Wycliffe (c. 1320–84) • John Hus (c. 1369–1415) • Bohemia • excommunicated • > Council of Constance, 1415 • > Hussite wars (1419–1437)

  8. B. Luther’s Challenge • Infallibility of the Pope • Authority of church fathers • Role of the clergy • “priesthood of all believers” • 1521—Imperial Diet, at Worms • Peasant revolts • C. The Two Kingdoms: God and the State • Salvation through faith Communion Priesthood of all believers Role of women Augsburg Confession, 1530 • Gustavus Vasa (1523–1560) • VI. Luther and the German Reformation • A. The Search for Salvation • Treasury of Merit • > Indulgences • First Crusade, etc. • > Sales of Indulgences • 1517—Mainz Indulgence • Archbishop Albert of Mainz—50% • Pope Leo X—50% for St. Peters • Johan Tetzel, Dominican monk • > Ninety-Five Theses, 1517

  9. VII. Henry VIII and the Anglican Reformation Tudor Dynasty (1485–1603) • A. Legitimate Heirs and the True Church Henry VIII (1509–1547) • Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) • Annulment • Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556) • Anne Boleyn Dissolution of the Monasteries • William Tyndale (1494–1536) • B. Radical Protestants and Renewed Catholics Edward VI (1547–1553) • Somerset v. Northumberland • Mary Tudor

  10. VIII. Protestantism from Switzerland to Holland • A. Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531) • Swiss cantons 1499—Swiss Independence • B. John Calvin (1509–1564) Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) • Geneva—Consistory • Huguenots • C. Anabaptists and Other Radicals John of Leyden • Münster

  11. IX. Reform in the Catholic Church • Savonarola (1452–1498) • Cardinal Ximenes (1437–1517) • St. Teresa of Avila (1515–1582) • Interior Castle, The Ladder of Perfection Society of Jesus (Jesuits) • Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556) • Pope Paul III (1534–1549) • Council of Trent (1545–1563)

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