Valeological basics of formation of health and life safety

1. Karazin National University Department of general practice - family medicine Valeological basics of formation of health and life safety

2. Thehumanbody: a systematicapproach The main systems are the respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system and integument (skin), gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system and the endocrine system. All these systems come together in complex relationships, forming a human body.

3. Respiratory System Carries oxygen from the blood into the tissues of the body   Blood carries oxygen and replaces it with carbon dioxide   Carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs

4. Respiratory tract The mouth and nasal cavity  The pharynx (throat): nasopharynx and oropharynx, the general path for food and air: a typical place of airway obstruction  Epiglottis: thing that prevents of food getting into the trachea duringswallowing  The larynx: before epiglottis there are vocal folds tracheabronchi lungs

5. Physiology Ventilation: the movement of air into the lungs and from lungs  The diaphragm and intercostal muscles: mechanical ventilation  Breath: the diaphragm and intercostal muscles stretch   Exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax  Gas exchange: oxygen is replaced with carbon dioxide in the alveolar sacsthrough the capillaries Oxygen enters the blood into cells that secrete into the blood to delivercarbon dioxide to the lungs

6. Respiratory system:children under one year and 1 to 8 years Smaller diameter of the airway  Tongue is proportionally bigger  The trachea is softer  Breathing way obturate easier   The main cause of cardiac arrest is a cessation of breathing

7. Circulatorysystem: heart Heart is a unique tissue which provides nerve conduction and automatism;  Delivers blood  enriched by oxygen and nutrients in the tissue  and has:  - Two atria: receive blood from the body and pump it into the ventricles  - Two ventricles: the right pumps blood to the lungs, the left - in other organs and body systems

8. Circulatory system: arteries Artery: muscular tubular structures that carry blood from the heart to the rest of bodies  aorta  carotid artery  The femoral artery  radial artery  brachial artery  The arteries divide into smaller vessels and capillaries that end with thin walls that provides gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

9. Circulatory system: veins • Vessels with a thin muscle layer, carrying  blood enriched with carbon dioxidefrom thevarious tissues to the lungs for gas exchange. • Mostly they aremade to provide venous access for insertion offluids and medications. • The biggest:  The upper vein  The lower vein

10. Physiology • The left ventricle, contracting, pushes blood into the arteries, forming a pulse wave. Pulse is defined in the carotid, femoral, radial, brachial artery •   In the absence of  pulse a cardiac arrest is probable    Brain damage begins 4-6 minutes after the cessation of blood flow  Irreversible brain damage occurs within 8-10 minutes  In order to deliver oxygenated blood to vital organs, a closedheart massage and artificial ventilation (AV) - cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is performed

11. Physiology (continued) A man of medium build has 5-6 liters of blood that delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, has the blood coagulation factor and protective factor   Perfusion: The process of getting oxygen-rich blood and nutrients into tissues and excretion of waste products   Shock: State of reduced perfusion of body tissues

12. Musculoskeletal system: skeleton • The bones give the body a shape and protect vital organs •   Muscles, tendons and ligaments are attached to bones in joints to provide movement •   Skull protects the brain •   The spinal column contains 33 bones that protect the spinal cord •   Chest: 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and xiphoid process to protect the heart and lungs •   Basin: attachment of the lower extremities •   The bones of the upper and lower extremities

13. Musculoskeletal system: muscle system • Three types: skeletal, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle • Skeletal muscle: random twitch muscles, enabling the movement •  Smooth muscle: involuntary twitch muscles that provide blood circulation, respiration, digestion and urination • Cardiac muscle: involuntary muscle shortening, which may fall on its own

14. Nervous system Central nervous system (CNS): cognitive function, as well as voluntary andinvoluntary body functions   CNS: brain and spinal cord   The peripheral nervous system: motor and sensory nerves that carryinformation sharing between the central nervous system and muscles andorgans of the body

15. Other systems of the body The skin (integument): a protective barrier, sensor body temperature regulation   Digestive System: mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, rectum   Endocrine system: hormones that regulate various body functions

16. The first emergency medical services Emergencymedicalcare - a complex ofthesimplestactivitiestoprotectlifeandpreventcomplicationsincaseofaccident, injuryorsuddenillness

17. Problems in the provision of emergency Personalsecurity Patient’ssafety Evaluationofthepatient’s conditionandhelp Transportationandtransferofpatient Encouragementandcomfortthepatientandrelativesifnecessary Ensuringcontinuityofcarebyinformingmorespecializedstaff

18. Security of the occurrence location The priority is personal safety On second place is protection of the patient The third is the protection of other persons If the ocurence location is unsafe, it must be secure.

19. Preventing transmission of infectious diseases Minimizing contact with body fluids, particles transmitted through the air, hazardous materials:   Hand washing - the most important method  eye protection   gloves   masks   robes   immunization

20. General inspection The purpose is to identify the signs and symptoms of illness or injury (visibledeformation, open injuries, areas of pain, swelling). Parts of the body, which should be examined: the head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities. Survey and medical history of an event, about possible diseases andmedication, allergies and allergies to medications.

21. The initial assessment • General impression • Examination of the situation on the spot •   Assessment of threat to life of the victim •   Establishment of illness or injury

22. Assessingthelevelofconsciousnessofthevictim • In conscience •   Responds to verbal stimulus •   Responds to painful stimulus •   unconscious

23. History taking allergies   medicines   life history   The events preceding the injury / illness

24. Assessment of breathing Is the victim breathing?       - Look       - Listen       - Feel   If not breathing: mechanical ventilation   If breathing: examine breathing effort

25. Airway Management Airway Management is one of the most important tasks to help Tongue is a common cause of airway obstruction   Methods of tilting the head and moving out the jaw Moving out of the jaw, without tilting the head

26. Methodsoftiltingtheheadandmoving outthejaw

27. Moving out of the jaw, without tilting the head

28. Releasing and maintaining airway • Three ways by which you can clean and maintain the airway: • The optimal position • Releasing manually • Aspiration

29. Protocol assistance in case of violation of breath (8 years or older) • To call for ambulance •   To make sureis the victim is unconscious orconcious • Provide the airway bytilting the head and moving out the jaw, or moving out the jawwithout tilting of the head (in case of trauma) •   Check breathing: watch, listen and feel •   Carry two primary artificial breaths lasting 1.5 - 2 seconds each (12artificial breaths / min.) •   Apply reception of Heimlichin case of airway obstruction with a foreign body •   If the victim is breathing or has restored normal breathing, place the victim in the optimal position

30. Heimlich’s method

31. Attempting to remove the foreign body using fingers

32. Safe position

33. Artificial ventilation of lungs Mouth to mouth through a maskMouth to mouth through the barrier device  Mouth to mouth Adequate ventilation is determined by:    - Excursion of the chest     - Audible and feelable exhalation 

34. Artificial ventilation of lungs «Mouthtomouth»

35. Artificial ventilation of lungs «Mouth to nose»

36. Causes of cardiac arrest • Sudden death caused by cardiac arrhythmias, heart disease •   Respiratory failure (especially children) •   Emergency Conditions (nontraumatic): stroke, epilepsy, diabetes, allergic reaction, electric shock, poisoning, etc. •   Drowning, suffocation •   Trauma and bleeding

37. Assessment of circulation • Check the pulse of the arteries:     - Ray     - Sleepy     - femur  Check for external bleeding •   Check the color and temperature of the skin: is there any signs of shock

38. Lifting and moving victims Lifting and moving the victims  is extremely important, constantly occurringduty, which is often overlooked. The main objective is the prevention of injury and aiding patient safety.

39. Primary prevention: risk factors Riskfactorsareadditionalendogenousorexogenousadverseeffectsonthebody, whichincreasesthelikelihoodofillnessordeath.

40. Risk Factors Endogenous: Managed: hypertension, dislipidozy, dysmenorrheaUnmanaged: age, gender, heredityexogenous: Managed: environment, lifestyle, medicalerrorsUnmanaged: climate, naturalconditions

47. RISK FACTORS OF DISEASE HVS СС Prevention of HVS

48. RISK FACTORS OF DISEASE HVS Prevention of HVS

49. Food Security

50. Historicalbackground Nutritionof patientshasreceivedconsiderableattentionduringallperiodsofhumandevelopment. Hippocratesbelievedthattreatmentshouldconsistinthefactthatatdifferentstagesofthediseasetobeabletochoosetherightfoodsinthequantitativeandqualitativerespects. TheRomanphysicianAsclepiades (128-56 BC), whichisconsideredthefounderoftheDiet, atoddswiththeviewsofthetimerejectedthepharmacotherapyandthetreatmentisconsideredonthebasisofthediet. Togetherwithhisstudents, hehasdevelopeddetailedguidanceontheuseofnutrientsinthetreatmentofvariousdiseases.