Pressure and Fluids

1. Pressure and Fluids

2. What’s the point? • What principles govern hydraulic and pneumatic machines? • Why do some things float on water?

3. Objectives • Relate pressure, force, and area. • Explain the effect of depth on the pressure within a fluid. • Explain and calculate the buoyant force on an object in a fluid.

4. Pressure • Force per unit area p = F/A • Force is component perpendicular to surface • Scalar quantity

5. Units of Pressure • SI Units: N/m2 = pascal = Pa • Bar = 100,000 Pa; mbar = 100 Pa • torr: Height in mm of a mercury barometer (760 torr = 1 atm) • Atmosphere = atm = mean sea level pressure = 101,325 Pa = 1.01 bar • lb/in2 = psi (14.696 psi = 1 atm)

6. Fluids Gases and liquids

7. Force Origin of Fluid Pressure • Collision exerts a force perpendicular to surface • Average pressure exerted over time and area

8. Pressure in a fluid • Pascal’s Principle: pressure in a fluid is exerted uniformly in all directions throughout the fluid.

9. Hydraulics just another simple machine

10. Poll Question If a force F1is applied to piston 1 with area A1, what is the pressure increase in cylinder 1? Dp1 = F1A1. Dp1 = F1 + A1. Dp1 = A1/F1. Dp1 = F1/A1. 1 2

11. Poll Question If a force F1is applied to piston 1 with area A1, How does force F2 compare to F1? F2 = F1. F2 < F1. F2 > F1. 1 2

12. = = F1 F1 F2 A1 A1 F2 A2 A2 Hydraulics • Pistons have different areas • Pressure p=F/A = same for both pistons • rearranges to

13. Group Whiteboard Work If a force F1 = 50 N is applied to the small piston with area A1 = 100 cm2, what upward force F2 does the liquid apply to the large piston with area A2 = 1000 cm2? Remember: Pressure is the same everywhere.

14. Dx2 ? Dx1 Poll Question If the small piston with area A1is moved a distance Dx1, is the distance Dx2 that the large piston moves more or less than that? Dx2 = Dx1. Dx2 < Dx1. Dx2 > Dx1. 1 2

15. = F1 F2 = DV DV F2 F1 A1 A2 A2 A1 Hydraulics are Simple Machines • Volume changes DV opposite: DV = –DV1 = DV2 • DV = A1Dx1, soDx1=DV/A1; Dx2=–DV/A2 F1Dx1 = F2Dx2 F1, Dx1 same direction F2, Dx2 same direction • System does same work as done on it

16. Example Problem If the small piston with area A1 = 100 cm2moves 10 cm, how far does the large piston with A2 = 1000 cm2move? Remember: Volume leaving piston 1 equals volume entering piston 2.

17. Pressure with Depth

18. Poll Question As the depth beneath the surface of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid • Decreases. • Increases. • It depends on the shape of the container. • Fluids are incompressible, so the pressure does not change.

19. Supports weight above Pressure in a fluid • Force comes from weight of fluid above • Pressure increases with depth

20. h Liquid Pressure Formula p = rhg • p = pressure • r = density of liquid • h = depth under top of liquid • (Valid if r is constant—liquid, not gas) p = pressure here

21. Buoyancy How do things float?

22. Submerged in a liquid Why does it sink or float?

23. What forces are present?

24. What forces are present?

25. What forces are present?

26. What forces are present?

27. Pressure in a fluid • Pressure increases with depth • Greater pressure at bottom than top of an immersed object • Results in upward buoyancy force that is the (vector) sum of all pA forces

28. Buoyancy Force • Buoyancyforce=weight of fluid displaced F = rVg • r = density of fluid • V = volume of fluid displaced = submerged volume of object • g = 9.8 N/kg

29. Whiteboard Work What is the water pressure at the bottom at the deepest point of Lake Superior? Lake depth =406 m, density of water = 1000 kg/m3.

30. Buoyancy and Density • If an object is more dense than the surrounding fluid, it sinks • If an object is less dense than the surrounding fluid, it rises • A floating object displaces exactly enough fluid to support its weight (Why? What happens if it’s too high or too low?)

31. Think Question Which boat (with cargo) has the greatest totalvolume? • The high boat (left). • The low boat (right). • Both have the same total volume.

32. Think Question Which boat (with cargo) has the greatest volume under the water line? • The high boat (left). • The low boat (right). • Both have the same submerged volume.

33. Poll Question Which boat (with cargo) experiences the greatest buoyancy force? • The high boat (left). • The low boat (right). • Both experience the same buoyancy force.

34. Think Question Which boat (with cargo) has the greatest mass? • The high boat (left). • The low boat (right). • Both have the same mass.

35. Poll Question After a boat sinks, it displaces • more water than when it floated. • less water than when it floated. • the same volume and weight of water as when it floated.