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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA. Arthropoda Characteristics . a ccount for 80% of all living animal species . Arthropoda Characteristics . means “jointed foot” eucoelom e xoskeleton made of chitin – cuticle of organism show a high degree of cephalization

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

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  1. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

  2. Arthropoda Characteristics • account for 80% of all living animal species

  3. Arthropoda Characteristics • means “jointed foot” • eucoelom • exoskeleton made of chitin – cuticle of organism • show a high degree of cephalization • variety of segmented appendages around mouth serve as sensors and food handlers • most have compound eyes & other light sensing structures • cuticle inhibits growth causing organism to shed • reason for molting • body plan of repeated segments that attach to an appendage

  4. Arthropoda Characteristics • open circulatory system • Heart pumps circulatory fluid thru vessels that empty into spaces in the body • nervous system is ladder-like with brain formed from fused ganglia • respiratory & circulatory systems vary depending on species

  5. Evolutional & classification • Evolved from a common ancestor • Biologists are uncertain about the order in which subgroups of arthropods evolved & the exact relationships between the subgroups • Similar characteristics of many modern subgroups may be the results of convergent evolution (process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment) • EXAMPLE: TRILOBITES ~ancient & extinct • Had many body segments & one pair of appendages on each segment

  6. Evolution & classification….continued • Most living arthropod species have some segments that lack appendages and some segments that are fused into a larger structure called a tagma (tagmata, plural) • Tagmata tend to be specialized for functions like feeding, locomotion & reproduction.

  7. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia

  8. REVIEW QUESTIONS • 1. Identify the type & composition of an arthropod’s skeleton. • 2. What is convergent evolution? <IN YOUR OWN WORDS> • 3. Explain how arthropods are highly cephalized. • 4. What is a tagma? Plural form is ___. • 5. What are they specialized for?

  9. DIVISIONS of Arthropoda • Divided into 5 major subphyla • Based on development in the structure of appendages, such as mouth parts • 2 major types of mouth parts : <sketch > • Mandibles (jawlike) Fig 1 • Chelicerae (pincerlike) Fig 2 1 2

  10. Mandibulate Arthropod Characteristics: • Mouthparts are mandibles - normally chewing sideways • One or two pairs of antennae • Various body region arrangements - cephalothorax & abdomen / head & trunk / head, thorax & abdomen • Variable leg numbers • Insects, crustaceans & myriapodsmandibles

  11. Chelicerate Arthropod Characteristics: • Pincher-like mouthparts - chelicerae - and pedipalps • NO antennae • Two body regions, usually - cephalothorax & abdomen • Four pairs of legs • Horseshoe crabs and arachnids are only living groups

  12. 5 subphyla • Trilobitomorpha • Chelicerata • Myriapoda • Hexapoda • Crustacea

  13. Review Questions .. Add to ?s page • 7. What major characteristic is used to divide arthropods into groups? • 8. ID 2 major types of mouth parts, describe them & sketch a picture. • 9. ID 3 groups of mandibulate arthropods. • 10. ID 2 living groups of chelicerate arthropods. • 11. Identify the 5 subphyla of phylum Arthropoda.

  14. Draw this table after #11 & complete it with review questions

  15. Subphylum Trilobitomorpha • Trilobites • Most primitive of all arthropod groups • Well-known fossil group of EXTINCT marine arthropods

  16. Subphylum Chelicerata • Chelicerates including spiders, mites, scorpions, mites, and horseshoe crabs • Lack antennae • Typically have 6 pairs of appendages • First pair of appendages, the chelicerae, are modified into pincers or fangs • Classes: • Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks • Merostomata: horseshoe crabs

  17. CLASS ARACHNIDA • Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks • Body divided into cephalothorax & abdomen • Cephalothorax usually bears: *6 pairs of jointed appendages *1 pair of chelicerae *one pair of pedipalps (aid in holding/chewing) *4 pairs of walking legs

  18. Mite vs Tick Body Regions pedipalps & chelicerae cephalothorax abdomen

  19. Mite vs Tick • Ticks are usually larger • Ticks are ectoparasites (live on the outside of a host to survive) • Mites are smaller • Mites are more diverse & found in more habitats • Mites are more free-ranging predators

  20. American dog tick female laying egg mass (1000-2000 eggs!).

  21. American dog tick male Blacklegged (deer) tick female

  22. DEER TICKS can do this….. • This photograph shows the “bull’s-eye rash” that often manifests at the site of a tick bite when the Lyme disease bacterium is transmitted.

  23. REMOVING TICKS…FYI • Should you find a tick that has embedded its mouthparts in the skin, remove it as soon as possible using these tips from the Centers for Disease Control: • Use fine-tipped tweezers or a notched tick extractor, and protect your fingers with a tissue, paper towel or latex gloves. Avoid removing ticks with bare hands. • Grasp the tick as close to the skin surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick; this may cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. • After removing the tick, disinfect the bite site and wash your hands with soap and water. • Do not squeeze, crush or puncture the tick’s body because its fluids may contain infectious organisms. Skin accidentally exposed to tick fluids can be disinfected with iodine scrub, rubbing alcohol or water containing detergents. • Save the tick for identification in case you become ill. This may help your doctor make an accurate diagnosis. Place the tick in a sealable plastic bag and put it in your freezer. • Don’t use petroleum jelly, hot matches or other folk remedies as these may cause a tick to release additional saliva or gut contents, increasing chances of infection. • While tick bites can cause problems, those problems are relatively rare. Don’t stop enjoying nature, the great outdoors and your favorite warm-weather activities because you’re fearful of tick bites. Just be sure to protect yourself first and do tick checks after being outdoors. • DON’T MASH THE TICK WHILE IT IS ATTACHED!!

  24. Ticks on a black iguana!!!!!

  25. Clover mites Twospotted spider mites Predatory mite

  26. Black widow with egg case Brown recluse

  27. Spider Anatomy pedipalp chelicera (fang) cephalothorax narrow waist abdomen

  28. Spider Anatomy • Chelicerae are modified as fangs to inject venom • Venom is produced in poison glands in cephalothorax & flow thru ducts to fangs • Most have 8 simple eyes/each with single lens • 3 pairs of spinnerets on tip of abdomen (made of microscopic tubules connected to silk glands) • Respiratory system=book lungs (paired sacs in abdomen that are folded like pages of a book) *not all have these • Trachea-system of tubes that carry air directly to tissues from openings in exoskeleton known as spiracles *not all spiders have these • Some spiders have both book lungs & tracheae • Malpighian tubules=main excretory organs that help conserve water in terrestrial environments

  29. Class Arachnida BROWN RECLUSE *has violin-shaped mark on dorsal surface of cephalothorax *aka “violin spider” *venom kills digests the tissues surrounding the bite *bite is often not felt immediately *bites rarely fatal but cause pain

  30. BLACK WIDOW *female has bright red or orange mark shaped like an hourglass on ventral surface of stomach *animals most at risk from BW bite: insects & male BW (females often eat the males after mating) *bite to humans is rarely fatal http://www.medicinenet.com/black_widow_brown_recluse_pictures_slideshow/article.htm

  31. Wolf spider with egg case Spitting spider Orb-weaving spider Tarantula

  32. Most poisonous spider in the world • Brazilian Wandering Spider • The venom from the Brazilian wandering spider is so toxic that 0.006 mg of it can kill a mouse.

  33. Camel Spider..not poisonous to humanshttp://www.camelspider.org/

  34. Camel spider…in desert

  35. Camel Spider..camping

  36. 10 most poisonous spiders

  37. Scorpion differ from spiders because they …. • Have large, pincerlikepedipalps which they hold in a forward position • Have segmented abdomen with a large stinger on the last segment

  38. Class Merostomata • Live primarily in shallow ocean waters or on soft sandy or muddy bottoms • Will come on shore for mating • Commonly used as bait to fish for eels and whelk and in fertilizer • Numbers are declining because of coastal habitat destruction & overharvesting along the East coast of North America

  39. Saving Horseshoe Crabs

  40. Review Questions # 3…add to pg 13 • 12. What is the most primitive of all arthropod groups? • 13. Describe the 1st pair of appendages of chelicerates. • 14. Identify the 6 pairs of appendages of an arachnid. • 15. Which is larger—tick or mite? • 16. What is an ectoparasite? • 17. What body region contains the poison glands of spiders? • 18. Why should you not squeeze a tick? • 19. Differentiate the markings of a black widow and brown recluse. • 20. How do scorpions differ from spiders anatomically? • 21. Why is the horseshoe crab population declinging?

  41. Subphylum Myriapoda • many legged arthropods • all have one pair of antennae, a head region, and trunk with many pairs of legs • use trachea • Diplopoda - millipedes • Chilopoda - centipedes

  42. Myriapods [one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs] Millipede (Diplopoda) Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached under body. Centipede (Chilopoda) Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible segment - attached to side of body. No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body.

  43. Scolopendra

  44. Amazon Centipede • Scolopendragigantea • Habitat distribution: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, the Amazon River Basin countries and regions • Galapagos Centipede • Scolopendragalapagoensis • Largest centipede • 44-46cm

  45. “LEGS” African Giant Black Millipede (Archispirostreptusgigas) • Tanzania, Africa – "Legs," one of the world's largest millipedes, these guys grow to be 10-12" long with 600 wiggly legs. Think of them like the world's largest roly-poly! They won't bite, pinch or sting – but are very impressive! Great for all ages.

  46. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA • VERY DIVERSE GROUP • LOBSTERS, CRAYFISH, SHRIMP, KRILL, BARNACLES ARE MOST COMMON • Characteristics: • Most are aquatic (majority marine) • two pairs of antennae • a pair of mandibles • a pair of compound eyes (usually on stalks) • and two pair of maxillae on their headsfollowed by a pair of appendages on each body segment • crustacean bodies usually are made up of head, thorax, and abdomen, although the segments composing these tagmata differ among different Classes)

  47. CLASS MALACOSTRACA • EX: LOBSTERS, CRABS, SHRIMP, CRAYFISH • LARGEST CLASS OF CRUSTACEA • DISPLAY GREATER DIVERSITY OF BODY FORMS THAN ANY OTHER CLASS OF ORGANISMS • ABUNDANT IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS • VIRTUALLY EVERY FEEDING HABIT IS EXHIBITED BY SOME MEMBER OF THIS CLASS FROM PREDATOR TO PARASITE TO FILTER FEEDER (RARE)

  48. JAPANESE SPIDER CRAB 12 FEET SPAN IN LEGS • 41 LBS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh5W0SyrWyg

  49. Class Maxillopoda • BARNACLES • *sessile • *marine – shallow and tidal waters • *feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25F7xMVNt-w BARNACLE FEEDING

  50. Class Brachiopoda • Brine shrimp • Very primitive • Can live in water with high salt concentration (salinity) • Some species are on endangered species list

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