Richard A. Feely, Ph.D. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/NOAA

1. Developing an Ocean Acidification Observing Network to Study the Other CO2 Problem PMEL PIs: R. Feely, C. Sabine S. Alin, L. Juranek, A. Sutton, S. Hankin AOML PIs: R. Wanninkhof, T.-H. Peng, D. Gledhill, D. Manzello, J.-Z. Zhang University PIs: U. Send (SIO), A. Dickson (SIO), B. Hales (OSU), J. Salisbury (UNH), S. Lohrenz (USM), W. Cai (UG) Richard A. Feely, Ph.D. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/NOAA • NOAA Ocean Climate Climate Observation 7th Annual System Review • 28 October 2008

2. Conceptual Diagram of Ocean Acidification

3. Ocean Acidification Ocean CO2 Chemistry 2000 50% acidity 16% [CO3 ] CO3 2− [CO2] 50 300 2100 pH 8.2 150−200% 40 240  50% 2− 8.1 30 180 pH μmol kg−1 8.0 [CO3 ] 20 120 2− CO2(aq) 7.9 10 60 0 0 7.8 1800 1900 2000 2100 Year Wolf-Gladrow et al. (1999)

5. Saturation State [ ] [ ] + - 2 2 Ca CO 3 = W * K phase sp , phase Saturation State Ocean CO2 Chemistry W > = 1 precipitation calcium carbonate calcium carbonate W = = 1 equilibrium W < = 1 dissolution

6. Change in Aragonite Saturation with CO2 -Saturation state declines across all latitudes -Undersaturated conditions appear for aragonite in high latitudes Steinacher et al. Biogeosci., 2009

8. WOCE/JGOFS/OACES Global CO2 Survey 2005/2006, 1991 ~72,000 sample locations collected in the 1990s DIC ± 2 µmol kg-1 TA ± 4 µmol kg-1 Sabine et al (2004)

9. Penetration of Anthropogenic CO2 into Ocean • Difference of present-day • levels minus pre-industrial (year 1800) • Half trapped in upper 400m • Equivalent to about a third of all historical carbon emissions Sabine et al. Science 2004

10. Observed aragonite & calcite saturation depths Ocean CO2 Chemistry Feely et al. (2004) The aragonite saturation state migrates towards the surface at the rate of 1-2 m yr-1, depending on location.

11. Total DIC change over 15 years in the Pacific DIC change due to ventilation and respiration processes DIC change due to uptake of anthropogenic CO2 Sabine et al. (in prep)

12. Δ Saturation Depth (m) Large-scale decreases of aragonite saturation in the upper 1000m Shoaling of aragonite saturation horizon of ~1-2 m yr-1 Feely et al. (in prep)

13. “The further development of current biogeochemical sensors and the development of new sensors is critical to the ongoing development of an integrated ocean observing system. Reliable sensors for autonomous platforms is an important research and development focus for pCO2 and other carbon sensors including DIC and total alkalinity. These sensors along with certified reference material would enable the ocean carbonate system to be constrained.”

14. An International Ocean Acidification Observing Network

15. An International Ocean Acidification Observing Network from Feely et al., 2010

16. Ocean Carbon Observatory Network Ocean acidification Updated 10/5/10

17. Del Mar CCE2 CCE1 Coastal Moorings Operated by SIO All real-time, with meteorological, physical, chemical, and biological variables

18. The power of CCE1/2 comes from the context of other measurements California Current Ecosystem (CCE) moorings - Ships sample many variables and provide ground truth - Gliders provide cross-shelf sampling with a few variables - Moorings give full time sampling, wide range of variables CCE-2(SIO/SWFSC/PMEL) CCE-1(SIO/SWFSC/PMEL) CalCOFI/ LTER Pt.Conception Chlorophyllshown on surface;salinity on cross-section Gliders(CORC, LTER, Moore) CalCOFI line 80

19. upwelling upwelling CCE-2 Real-time dataexample Send & Ohman with Demer, Martz, Sabine, Feely, Dickson, Hildebrand

20. SeapHOx Aanderaa 3835 Optode Flow manifold Durafet ISE Reference SBE-37 SBE 5M pump Copper intake

21. CCE-1 surface pH (Jan – Sept. 2010) pH measured using a modified Honeywell Durafet and estimated from pCO2 using TA = f(S,T) provided by Simone Alin (PMEL). Examining the agreement between the three different pH values provides a useful QC on sensor data. Figure provided by T. Martz, U. Send, M. Ohman, SIO

22. An Ocean Acidification Observing Network What tools do we need to address ocean acidification?

23. Innovating Technology Autonomous Underwater Gliders CTD dissolved oxygen chlorophyll fluorescence CDOM fluorescence light backscatter cross-margin transect twice per week since April 2006 J. Barth, K. Shearman & A. Erofeev High resolution data

24. Algorithms to predict Ωarag and pH in the N. Pacific (Ω,pH) Algorithm development data: CLIVAR P16 (March, 2006) STUD08 (Sept., 2008) Data from 40-55°N, 50-500 db: Ωarag: R2=0.99, RMSE=0.05 pH: R2=0.99, RMSE=0.017 Juranek, Feely et al. (in prep)

25. Conclusions and Challenges Since the beginning of the industrial age surface ocean pH (~0.1), carbonate ion concentrations (~16%), and aragonite and calcite saturation states (~16%) have been decreasing because of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2by the oceans, i.e., ocean acidification. By the end of this century pH could have a further decrease by as much as 0.3-0.4 pH units. An observational network of repeat surveys, moorings, floats and gliders for ocean acidification is under development as a strong collaboration between federal, state and private institutions using state-of-the-art technologies and new proxies. Moored and glider sensors for Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Total Alkalinity and pH need development.Near real-time data transmission and uniform data management infrastructure is required with public availability. Special Thanks to: Joan Kleypas, Uve Send, Sarah Cooley, and Scott Doney.