Type 1 Diabetes

1. Type 1 Diabetes Shannon, Matthew, Dionne, Aaron

2. Definition Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

3. About Diabetes • Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes and insulin-dependent diabetes, typically strikes people under the age of 20. Although it is most often seen in children, adolescents and young adults, it can occur at any age. Once an individual is diagnosed with diabetes it is a life-long condition. • The hormone insulin is produced in the pancreas by beta cells. Insulin is then used to move glucose, or blood sugar, into the cells of the body where it can be utilized for energy. But in type 1 diabetics, the beta cells either produce very little insulin or none at all. Without a sufficient level of insulin to transport the glucose, it is allowed to build up in the bloodstream instead of making its way to cells

4. Treatment • Because type 1 diabetes can start quickly and the symptoms can be severe, people who have just been diagnosed may need to stay in the hospital. • If you have just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you should probably have a check-up each week until you have good control over your blood sugar. Your health care provider will review the results of your home blood sugar monitoring and urine testing. Your provider will also look at your diary of meals, snacks, and insulin injections. • As the disease gets more stable, you will have fewer follow-up visits. Visiting your health care provider is very important so you can monitor any long-term problems from diabetes. • You are the most important person in managing your diabetes. You should know the basic steps to diabetes management:

5. You are the most important person in managing your diabetes. You should know the basic steps to diabetes management: • •How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) • •How to recognize and treat high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) • •Diabetes meal planning • •How to give insulin • •How to check blood glucose and urine ketones • •How to adjust insulin and food when you exercise • •How to handle sick days • •Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them

6. Insulin Pump • If you have diabetes, insulin pumps are small, computerized devices (about the size of a small cell phone) that you wear on your belt or put in your pocket that allow for a continuous flow of a rapid-acting insulin to be released into your body. The pumps have a small flexible tube (called a catheter), which is inserted under the skin • People who have diabetes have inject them selves with insulin. • When using an insulin pump, you must monitor your blood sugar level at least four times a day. • Between meals and overnights, a small amount of insulin is constantly delivered to keep the blood sugar in the target range.

7. Your health care provider or diabetes nurse educator will teach you how to give insulin injections. At first, a child's injections may be given by a parent or other adult. By age 14, most children can give their own injections. • People with diabetes need to know how to adjust the amount of insulin they are taking: • •When they exercise • •When they are sick • •When they will be eating more or less food and calories • •When they are traveling

8. Causes Diabetes results when little or no insulin is produced in the body. Insulin is a hormone which controls the levels of sugar in the blood. if little or no insulin is produced, the sugar (glucose) in the blood. Diabetes can be a resulted in overweight.

9. Symptoms These symptoms may be the first signs of type 1 diabetes, or may occur when the blood sugar is high: Being very thirsty Feeling hungry Feeling tired or fatigued Having blurry eyesight Losing the feeling or feeling tingling in your feet Losing weight without trying Urinating more often Deep, rapid breathing Dry skin and mouth Flushed face Fruity breath odor Nausea or vomiting, inability to keep down fluids Stomach pain

10. Sample menu • Breakfast • (360 calories, 52.5 grams carbohydrate) • 1 slice toasted whole wheat bread with 1 teaspoon margarine • 1/4 cup egg substitute or cottage cheese • 1/2 cup oatmeal • 1/2 cup skim milk • 1/2 small banana

11. Lunch • (535 calories, 75 grams carbohydrate) • 1 cup vegetable soup with 4-6 crackers • 1 turkey sandwich (2 slices whole wheat bread, 1 ounce turkey and 1 ounce low-fat cheese, 1 teaspoon mayonnaise) • 1 small apple

12. Dinner • (635 calories, 65 grams carbohydrate) • 4 ounces broiled chicken breast with basil and oregano sprinkled on top • 2/3 cup cooked brown rice • 1/2 cup cooked carrots • 1 small whole grain dinner roll with 1 teaspoon margarine • Tossed salad with 2 tablespoons low-fat salad dressing • 4 unsweetened canned apricot halves or 1 small slice of angel food cake

13. Snacks • (Each has 60 calories or 15 grams carbohydrate. Pick two per day.) • 16 fat-free tortilla chips with salsa • 1/2 cup artificially sweetened chocolate pudding • 1 ounce string cheese plus one small piece of fruit • 3 cups light popcorn

14. Dietary Guidelines • Diabetes need regular meals to maintain blood sugar levels. • A low-sugar diet is recommended. • Special diabetic foods, e.g. jam, chocolate, can be included in the diet. • Sweetness, e.g. sorbitol, can be used instead of sugar.