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Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens. by MacKenzie Donnelly, Lisa Martino, and Evan Hughes. Hallucinogens. Substances whose primary effect is to cause perceptual and cognitive distortions without producing a state of toxic delirium Most are synthesized by plants or have plant derived compounds

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Hallucinogens

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  1. Hallucinogens by MacKenzie Donnelly, Lisa Martino, and Evan Hughes

  2. Hallucinogens • Substances whose primary effect is to cause perceptual and cognitive distortions without producing a state of toxic delirium • Most are synthesized by plants or have plant derived compounds • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilcybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and 5-methoxy-dimethyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) • These drugs are called psychedelic by recreational users

  3. Mescaline • found the crown of the peyote cactus • mescal button or peyote button • administered per os, chewed or cooked • The powder can also be extracted • found in Southwest United States and northern Mexico • used for religious reasons by Native Americans • mainstreamed in 1953 • not readily available because of high costs and lack of want

  4. Psilocybin • psilocybin is the main compound found in hallucinogec mushrooms • adminstered mainly per os • psilocybin is converted to psilocin after ingested • use of psilocybin goes back to 3500 B.C.

  5. DMT and 5-MeO-DMT • both are found in plants in South America • ayahuasca • drink with two different hallucinogenic plants in it • sold in powder form nad smoked • taken orally

  6. LSD

  7. The Discovery of LSD • First synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland. • Extracted from ergot • Alkaloid • Produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea • Effects of ergot • The toxicity causes ergotism; common in the Middle Ages and caused the deaths of 40,000 people in 944AD. • Produces contractions of the uterus.

  8. Discovery of LSD cont. • Hofmann took lysergic acid from ergot alkaloids and combined it with other compounds. • 25th synthesized substance was d-lysergic acid diethylamide • LSD-25 • LSD-25 • Initially thought to be an analeptic. • Upon reexamining the drug Hofmann underwent the world's first known LSD trip. • Restlessness, dizziness, extremely stimulated imagination, dream-like state.

  9. Discovery of LSD cont. • Hofmann later injested a small amount of synthesized LSD • Even more severe symptoms than the first time. • Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company • Marketed LSD in 1947 as Delysid • Helped neurotic patients uncover repressed thoughts/feelings.

  10. Administration • PerOs • Large amounts of the drug are dissolved in water • Droplets of this water are applied to a blotter • Blotters are divided into squares

  11. Uses of LSD • Psycholytic Therapy • Patient underwent drug induced psycholysis. • LSD first administered at low doses then dose is increased to promote the release of repressed memories and feelings. • Psychedelic Therapy • Patient given one high dose of LSD • Promoted insight into patient's problems via a drug-induced spiritual experience. • Psychological Weapon • United States CIA ULTA • Studied LSD as a mind control agent.

  12. Uses of LSD cont. • Recreational use • Hallucinations • Altered Sensory Perception • Synesthesia: combination/blending of senses • See smells, hear colors, etc. • Adverse Effects • Tremors • Increased Heart Rate/Blood Pressure • Neusea • Sweating • Dry Mouth • Numbness

  13. Restrictions to LSD • 1965: Federal Law restricted research on LSD • Sandoz stopped distributing LSD for research purposes. • 1967: LSD Banned Nationwide • Now • Research has started back up • MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) promotes research on potential psychotherapeutic applications of hallucinogens.

  14. Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens (insert table 14.1 on page 352) • Depending on dose LSD and Mescaline effects begin within 30-90 minutes, and last between 6-12 hours, were as psilocybin dissipates sooner. • DMT effects within seconds, and only lasts for an hour. Peaks between 5-20 minutes.

  15. LSD Responses • "Trips" (state of intoxication) has 4 main parts • Onset: begins 30 minutes after taking drug. Colors intensify, patterns occur when eyes closed • Plateau: next 2 hours, time slows, more intense sensations • Peak:lasts for 2-3 hours. In another world with no time. Images appear; either good or bad trip. • Come-Down: 2-3 hours, user comes out of the hallucinogenic state, though it may take a day to feel normal.

  16. Structure of Hallucinogenic Drugs • These drugs either have a serotonin-like, (indoleamine) or catecholamine-like structure. • Indoleamines • LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT • Similar to Serotonin structures • Catecholamines • Mescaline • Similar to NE, and amphetamine

  17. LSD receptor sites • LSD antagonizes the action of Serotonin however they are 5-HT(subscripted 2) • LSD binds to 8 different receptor subtypes, but only 5-HT(subscript 2A, and 2C) are the key receptor site for hallucinogens. • No other NT is used to cause the hallucinations • Complete tolerance can occur in 4 days, however there is an unknown complex system to gain this tolerance

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