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NUTRITION (2)

561 102 Biopharmacy II. NUTRITION (2). Auayporn Apirakaramwong, Ph.D. Vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins B-complex Energy-releasing : B1, B2, B3, Biotin, Pantothenic acid Hematopoietc: Folic acid, B12 Other: B6, C Fat-soluble vitamins A (retinol, beta-carotenes) D (cholecalciferol)

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NUTRITION (2)

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  1. 561 102 Biopharmacy II NUTRITION (2) Auayporn Apirakaramwong, Ph.D.

  2. Vitamins • Water-soluble vitamins • B-complex • Energy-releasing : B1, B2, B3, Biotin, Pantothenic acid • Hematopoietc: Folic acid, B12 • Other: B6, • C • Fat-soluble vitamins • A (retinol, beta-carotenes) • D (cholecalciferol) • E (tocopherol) • K (phylloquinones, menaquinones)

  3. Major roles of Vitamins • Antioxidant • E, C, carotenoids • Coenzymes • B • Bone • D, K • Blood clotting • K • Vision • A

  4. Provitamins • Vitamin in foods, in inactive form, body cannot use directly • eg. Beta-carotene • cook process affect vitamin content

  5. Vitamin B1 (1) • Thiamine; thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)(decarboxylation of pyruvate, alpha-KG; ribose-5P--> glyceraldehyde-3P with transketolase) • heat labile • RDA (Thai): 1.5 mg/d • source: pork, wheat germ • B1 deficiency: heavy alcohol consumption

  6. Vitamin B1 (2) • Beriberi: • 1. Infant: tachycardia, vomiting, convulsion, death • 2. Adult: dry skin, irritability, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nerve degeneration, progressive paralysis • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: alc-induced malnutrition--->mental confusion, loss of memory, paralysis of eye muscle

  7. Vitamin B2 • riboflavin; FAD,FMN (TCA cycle, beta-oxidation) • RDA (Thai): 1.7 mg/d • source: liver, milk • ariboflavinosis: sore throat, glossitis, stomatitis, cheilosis

  8. Niacin; Vitamin B3 (1) • NAD+,NADP+ (oxidation-reduction reaction) • synthesized from Trp (using B6, B2 and Fe) • Trp transport defect: Hartnup disease can use niacin therapy • RDA express in niacin equivalent (NE) from food and Trp--> 60 mg Trp = 1 NE or 1 mg niacin • : 20 mg of NE/d • source: liver, meat, fish, poultry, mushroom • pellagra: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis • UL = 35 mg/d

  9. Niacin; Vitamin B3 (2) • Treatment of hyperlipidemia (type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia) • Niacin dose 1.5 g/d (75 times RDA)--> inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue (give FFA for triacyglycerol synthesis) • Niacin causes a decrease in liver triacyglycerol synthesis which required for VLDL lipoprotein production

  10. Pantothenic acid • Coenzyme A; transfer of acyl group • AI: 6 mg/d • source: Eggs, liver, chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomato products; freezing and canning decrease content • deficiency rare: irritability, restlessness, fatigue, n/v, sleep disturbance, muscle cramps, hypoglycemia • toxicity: very low

  11. Biotin • Biotin containing enzyme (decarboxylation) • AI: 150 mcg/d (in human supplied by intestinal bacteria) • source: liver, peanut, cheese, egg yolk • avidin in raw egg white bind biotin • deficiency rare: dermatitis, glossitis, loss of appetite, nausea • toxicity: very low • Propionic acidemia defect in propionyl CoA carboxylase; treated with biotin

  12. Vitamin B6 (1) • PLP, PNP, PMP (amino acid metabolism) • RDA: 2 mg/d • source: liver, meat, fish, white potato, starchy vegetables, non-citrus fruits • sensitive to temp • deficiency (rare): glossitis, neurologic symptoms, induced by isoniazid • UL: 100 mg/d • toxicity (>2 g/d): irreversible nerve damage (affect ability of walking, numbness in extremities)

  13. Vitamin B6 (2) • Infantile convulsion, cystathioninuria, homocystinuria treat with vit B6 • (newborn infant fed formulars low in B6, in women taking oral contraceptives and in alcoholics)

  14. Folate • THF: DNA synthesis; Red blood cell formation • RDA: 200 mg/d DFE (dietary folate equivalent)(pregnant 600, lactation 500 mg/dDFE) • 1 DFE = 1 mcg food folate = 0.5 mcg folic acid in empty stomach; food in stomach reduce folate absorption • source: chicken liver, spinach, broccoli, sunflower seed, wheat germ • deficiency most prevalent: megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defect • UL: 1000 mg/d (1-3 yr = 300; 4-6 yr = 400 mg/d)

  15. Vitamin B12 • Cobalamin, cyanocobalamin (commercially available) • folate metabolism, maintain myelin sheath • absorption need intrinsic factor • RDA: 2 mcg/d ( 4-5 mg storage) • source: bacteria in intestine, beef liver, clams, oyster, crab • deficiency : pernicious anemia, neural tube defect • toxicity: -

  16. Ascorbic acid; Vitamin C • Antioxidant (with vit E), collagen synthesis, Fe absorption • RDA: 60 mg/d; pregnant =85 mg/d lactation = 120 mg/d; smoker require more 35 mg/d • source: citrus fruits, kiwi fruit, leafy green vegetable, green pepper • deficiency : scurvy, impair cellular function (gum inflammation, fatigue) • toxicity: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramp • UL: 2000 mg/d

  17. Vitamin A (1) • Vit A (retinol) ; retinoids = a family of molecules that are related to retinol • retinol<----->retinal---->retinoic acid • beta-carotene in plant: oxidatively cleaved in intestine--> 2 retinal molecules (inefficient conversion process in human) • Absorption and transport: • retinyl ester and retinol from animal food/ beta-carotene in plant food absorb with fat • in intestinal mucosa--> retinyl ester secrete as component of chylomicrons into lymphatic system • take up and store in liver

  18. Vitamin A (2) • Release from liver when needed, transported by plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) • retinol-->retinoic acid bind with specific receptor protein in nucleus • Function of Vit A • Visual cycle: Rhodopsin (visual pigment of rod cells in retina) consist of 11-cis retinal bound to opsin • Growth retinol<----->retinal for bone, normal reproduction (spermatogenesis, preventing fetal resorption) • retinoic acid for cell growth and differentiation

  19. Vitamin A (3) • retinol equivalent (RE): 1 RA = 1 mcg of retinol; 6 mcg of beta-carotene or 12 mcg of other carotenoids • 1 IU = 0.3 mcg retinol • RDA : 800 mcg RA • Night blindness, xerophthalmia : pathologic dryness of conjunctiva and cornea • Acne and psoriasis

  20. Vitamin A (4) • Toxicity: hypervitaminosis A (>7.5 mg/d of retinol): dry skin, pruritis, enlarged liver, increase of intracranial pressure • in pregnant women: congenital malformation of fetus • Isotretinoin: teratogenic effect, prolonged treatment with isotretinoin->hyperlipidemia and increase in LDL/HDL ratio -> risk of CVS disease

  21. Source of vit A • Animal source in preformed vitamin A (retinyl ester of vit A) • fruits and vegetable in provitamin A

  22. Vitamin D (1) • Vit D1-10 • D2 (ergocalciferol) : plant food • D3 (cholecalciferol) : animal food • Endogenous vitamin precursor: 7-dehydrocholesterol which is converted to cholecalciferol in dermis and epidermia of human exposed to sunlight. • 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25 (OH)2 D3) active form of vit D

  23. Vitamin D (2) Cholecalciferol 25 (OH)D3 (in liver) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-hydroxylase + + 1,25 (OH2)D3 (in kidney) Bone: Ca & PO43- mobilization Low PO43- Intestine: Ca & PO43- absorption Parathyroid hormone Kidney: Ca reabsorption /excretion Ca2+ in plasma

  24. Vitamin D (3) • function: enhance abs of Ca, P; assist parathyroid hormone in break down bone; cell differentiation • Fatty fish, liver, egg yolk • AI : 5 mcg/d, elderly 10-15 mcg/d • 1 mcg = 40 IU • Vit D Deficiency: • Nutritional rickets: rickets in children; osteomalacia in adult • Renal rickets or renal osteodystrophy: Renal failure, decreased ability to form active form of Vit D

  25. Vitamin D (4) • UL for adult over 19 yrs = 50 mcg (2000 IU)/d • Toxicity of Vit D • most toxic • high dose (100,000 IU for weeks): loss of appatite, nausea, thirst, stupor, hypercalcemia--> deposit of Ca in many organs

  26. Vitamin E • Tocopherol (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) • RDA: 10 mg of alpha-tocopherol (active form) • 1 IU = 0.67 mg alpha-tocopherol (natural source) or = 0.45 mg alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) eg. 100 IU capsule synthetic = 45 mg alpha-tocopherol • Deficiency is almost restricted to premature infants • signs of deficiency: sensitivity of RBC to peroxide, appearance of abnormal cellular membranes

  27. Source of vit E • Wheat germ oil; safflower, cottonseed, sunflower oil • food made from vegetable oil: magarine, salad dressing, nuts, seeds • strawberry Vit E deficiency and toxicity • Hemolysis, neurological problems (children) • toxicity: rare, UL = 1000 mg/d • counter anticoagulant medications

  28. Vitamin K • Vit K, quinones • K1 (phylloquinone) : plant source, most biol active form • K2 (menaquinones) : animal source, synthesize by intestinal bacteria • synthetic form (menadione) • Functions: • 1. Required for hepatic synthesis of prothombin and clotting factor II, VII, IX, X • 2. Involve in bone mineralization • AI : 80 mcg/d

  29. Source of Vit K • Green leafy vegetable, vegetable oil (soybean,cottonseed, canola, olive) (K1) • egg yolk, butter, liver, kidney (K2) • bacterial synthesis in GI

  30. Vit K deficiency and toxicity • Deficiency rare, newborn lack of bacteria, IV at birth • Bleeding • Vit K store in liver, bone; toxicity from food rare • Vit K overdose cause hemolytic anemia and juandice in infant (toxic effect on membrane of RBC)

  31. Minerals • Absorption of Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg reduce by high fiber diet: • phytate in grain fiber • oxalate in spinach bind Ca • Major minerals • Trace elements required in diet and present in body less than 100 mg

  32. Major Minerals • Na • ECF • 2400 mg/d • 1 teaspoon of table salt • diets • hyponatremia, hypernatremia • K • ICF, nerve impulse • 3500 mg/d • potato, banana, melon, spinach • hypokalemia, hyperkalemia • Name • Function • RDA • Source • imbalance

  33. Major Minerals • Cl • ECF • 3400mg/d • with Na • hypochloremia • Ca • bone&teeth, nerve impulse, muscle contraction • 800 mg/d • dairy product, • sesame seed, fish • hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia • Name • Function • RDA • Source • imbalance

  34. Major Minerals • P • ICF anion, bone&teeth • 800 mg/d • proteins • hypo/hyperphosphatemia • Mg • enzyme mediated reaction • 350 mg/d • nuts, whole grains, vegetable • hypo/hypermagnesmia • Name • Function • RDA • Source • imbalance

  35. Trace elements • Fe • Cu • Zn • F • Se • I • Mb • Mn • Cr

  36. General dietary planning guideline I • Enjoy your food • eat a nutritionally adequate diet drawn from a variety of foods • reduce consumption of fat (saturated fat): • 8-10% of total calories from sat FA • up to 10% total calories from polyunsat FA • up to 15% total calories from monounsat FA • maintain appropriate body weight • increase consumption of complex carbohydrate and dietary fiber

  37. General dietary planning guideline II • Reduce intake of sodium (<6 g/d) • consume alcohol in moderation (not more than 2 drinks/d) XX children and pregnant women XX • 55-60% energy from carbohydrate; high proportion should be fruit, vegetable, wholewheat products

  38. References • Champe PC, Harvey RA, and Ferrier DR. Lippincott’s Illustrated review: Biochemistry, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2005, pp. 355-370. • Mayer PA, Nutrition in Harper’s Biochemistry, 24th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey,1996, pp. 625-634. • Insel P, Turner RE, and Ross D, Nutrition, Jone and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 2002. • http://www.halls.md/body-surface-area/refs.htm • ประกาศกระทรวงสาธารณสุข (ฉบับที่ 182 ) พ.ศ.2541 เรื่อง ฉลาก โภชนาการ

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