1 / 39

Twenty-eight

Twenty-eight. Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990. Introduction. From certainty to uncertainty Consensus and fragmentation Economic crises Revolts The collapse of the Soviet Union. Society and Class, 1945–1968. Economic expansion

nellie
Download Presentation

Twenty-eight

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Twenty-eight Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990

  2. Introduction • From certainty to uncertainty • Consensus and fragmentation • Economic crises • Revolts • The collapse of the Soviet Union

  3. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Economic expansion • Prosperity brought about population shifts (Western Europe) • Importing foreign workers (West Germany and France) • Workers from former colonies emigrated to Britain • The breakdown of national barriers

  4. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Social class • The middle classes • Growth in numbers of white-collar employees • The managerial class • More specialized skills • The working classes • Trade unions remained powerful institutions • Extension of education in western Europe • Eastern European bloc

  5. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Mass consumption • Western Europe • Households and individuals had more purchasing power • Household appliances and cars • Saving labor and creating a new investment in domesticity (“more work for mother”) • A consumer culture • Credit now seen as a necessary part of life rather than a stigma • Eastern European bloc • Consumption organized by the state • Determined how consumer goods would be distributed • Channeled resources into heavy industries • General shortages of basic necessities

  6. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Mass culture • Music and youth culture • New spending habits • Music as the cultural expression of the new generation of youth (1950s) • Technological changes • Record players • Music as the soundtrack of everyday life • Rock and roll • Rockabilly • British invasion • Woodstock (1969)

  7. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Art and painting • The art market boomed • New York as center of modern art • Immigration of European artists • Abstract expressionists • Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) • The physical act of painting • Pop art • Did not distinguish between the artistic and the commercial • The everyday visual experience • Jasper Johns (b. 1930) • Andy Warhol (1928–1987) • Roy Lichtenstein (1923–1997)

  8. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Film • Italian neorealists • Capturing “life as it was lived” • Loneliness, war, and corruption • Shot on location • Frederico Fellini, La Dolce Vita (1959)

  9. Society and Class, 1945–1968 Film French New Wave Unsentimental, naturalistic, and enigmatic social vision François Truffaut (b. 1932) 400 Blows (1959), The Wild Child (1969) Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930) Breathless (1959) Raised the status of the director The real art was in the director’s hands, not the script

  10. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Hollywood and the Americanization of culture • By the 1950s, Hollywood was making five hundred films a year • The Americanization of Western culture • European fears • Television • Everyday life and sociability • The power of the American corporation • Rebel Without a Cause (1955) • Alienation and the dysfunctional family • Americanization and the U.S. government • Anticommunism • Radio Free Europe • America less a reality than an idea

  11. Society and Class, 1945–1968 • Gender roles and sexual revolution • Less censorship and fewer taboos • Kinsey reports (1948 and 1953) • Made sexuality and morality front page news • The centrality of sex and eroticism • Magazines and sexiness • Health and personal hygiene • Sexuality as self-expression

  12. Society and Class, 1945–1968 Gender roles and sexual revolution Contraception First approved for development in 1959 Western countries legalized contraception (1960s) and abortion (1970s) Soviet Union legalized abortion in 1950

  13. Society and Class, 1945–1968 Gender roles and sexual revolution Feminism Family, work, and sexuality Women in the workplace Few jobs outside secretarial jobs Received lower pay for equal work Had to rely on husbands to establish credit Self-expression and narrowing horizons Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963) Exploded cultural myths Showed how the media shaped (lowered) women’s expectations

  14. Social Movements during the 1960s • International social unrest • The civil rights movement in the United States • African American migration from the south to northern cities • Rights, dignity, and independence • Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) • A philosophy of nonviolence and civil disobedience • Malcolm X (1925–1965) • Black nationalism

  15. Social Movements during the 1960s • The antiwar movement • John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) • Promised to fight communism • Advocated free markets and representative governments for developing nations • The Peace Corps • South Vietnam • Escalation of the war under Lyndon Johnson • Stalemate • Magnified problems at home

  16. Social Movements during the 1960s • The student movement • Protest movements had roots in postwar changes in education • Lecture halls overwhelmed with students • The university as “knowledge factory”

  17. Social Movements during the 1960s • 1968 • Points of contention • Bureaucracy • The human cost of the cold war • The military-industrial complex

  18. Social Movements during the 1960s 1968 Paris University of Paris Students demanded reforms that would modernize the university Authorities closed down the university Students took to the streets Parisians and workers sided with the students Trade unions went on strike in support A weakened Charles de Gaulle

  19. Social Movements during the 1960s 1968 Elsewhere Student protests in Germany and England The Tet offensive Assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy Democratic National Convention (Chicago)

  20. Social Movements during the 1960s 1968 Prague Alexander Dubcěk (1921–1992) “Socialism with a human face” Encouraged debate within the party, artistic freedom, and less censorship Protest overflowed traditional party politics Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1992) More conservative than Khrushchev Less inclined to bargain with the West Prone to protecting the Soviet sphere of influence Prague spring seen as directed against Warsaw Pact and Soviet security Soviets sent tanks into Prague in August 1968 The Brezhnev Doctrine No socialist state to adopt policies endangering the interests of international socialism Soviets could intervene if communist rule was threatened

  21. Social Movements during the 1960s 1968 Effects of 1968 De Gaulle’s government recovered Nixon won U.S. election United States withdrew from Vietnam (1972–1975) Brezhnev Doctrine Eastern European and Soviet dissent defeated but not eliminated Second-wave feminism Environmental movement

  22. Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success • Roots of the problem • West Germany • Slowing economic growth • Demand for manufactured goods declined

  23. Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success • Oil • OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries instituted oil embargo against Western powers in 1973 • Inflationary spiral • Interest rates rose along with prices

  24. Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success • The turn to the right • Britain under Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925) • Curbing trade union power • Cutting taxes to stimulate the economy • Privatizing publicly owned companies • The economy remained weak

  25. Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success • European Economic Community (now the Economic Union, EU) • Program of integration • Monetary union with a central European bank • Single currency • Unified social policies

  26. Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success • Solidarity in Poland (1980) • Worker’s demands • Improved working conditions • Lower prices • Independent labor unions

  27. Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union • Gorbachev and Soviet reform • Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931) assumed leadership of Communist Party in 1985 • Critical of repressive aspects of communism and the sluggish economy • Glasnost(intellectual candor) and perestroika(economic restructuring) • Called for the shift from a centrally planned economy to a mixed economy • Too little, too late • Ethnic unrest • Secession movements

  28. Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union • Eastern Europe after Gorbachev • Poland—Solidarity launched new wave of strikes in 1988 • Hungary—new reform government under the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party • Purged of Communist members in 1989 • Czechoslovakia • Demonstrations against Soviet domination • The Civic Forum—opposition coalition • Free elections • Mass demonstrations • Threats of a general strike

  29. Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union Eastern Europe after Gorbachev Fall of the Berlin wall Severe economic stagnation and environmental degradation Massive illegal emigration of East Germans to the West November 4, 1989—East Germany opened its border with Czechoslovakia November 9, 1989—The Berlin wall was breached A united Germany (October 3, 1990)

  30. Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union • The velvet revolution • Romania under Nicolae Ceauşescu (1918–1989) • Lithuania and Latvia proclaimed their independence in 1991

  31. Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union • The collapse of the Soviet Union • The failure of perestroika • The rise of Boris Yeltsin (b. 1931) • Elected president of the Russian Federation • Anti-Gorbachev platform • Mounting protests against slow change (1991) • Hard‑line Communist Party officials planned a coup against Gorbachev (August 1991) • The Soviet Union ceased to exist on December 8, 1991 • Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991

  32. Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union • After the fall of the Soviet Union • Food shortages and the falling value of the ruble • Free enterprise brought crime, corruption, the black market, and a lower standard of living • Yeltsin dissolved parliament in September 1993 • The attempted conservative coup • Ethnic and religious conflict • Chechnya (1994) • Guerrilla warfare and atrocities

  33. Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989 • The velvet revolution—the dream • Raised hopes • Economic prosperity and pluralism • Joining the West as capitalist partners

  34. Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989 • The velvet revolution—the reality • Free market brought inflation, unemployment, and protest • The “velvet divorce” • Slovakia declared its independence from the Czechs

  35. Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989 • Yugoslavia • Uneven economic growth benefited Belgrade, Croatia, and Slovenia • Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo lagged behind • Slobodan Milosevic (1941–2006)—Serb nationalist

  36. Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989 Yugoslavia Croatia Declared its independence from Yugoslavia as a free, capitalist state Catholic Croats Orthodox Serbs

  37. Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989 Yugoslavia Bosnia-Herzegovina Ethnically diverse population Sarajevo home to several ethnic groups Bosnia attempted to secede from Yugoslavia in 1992 Ethnic cleansing UN intervention American air strikes (fall 1995) Forced Bosnian Serbs to negotiate The Dayton Accords Bosnia divided Majority of land went to Muslims and Croats Three years of war meant 200,000 dead

  38. Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989 Yugoslavia Kosovo Homeland of Christian Serbs, now occupied by Albanian Muslims Terrorist tactics Talks between Milosevic and Albanian rebels fell apart in 1999 American-led bombing against Serbia and Serbian forces in Kosovo More ethnic cleansing The fall of Yugoslavia (2000)

  39. This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter 28. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/wciv_16e/brief

More Related