1 / 44

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates. Remember “-ose” suffix C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio Monomers are MONOSACCHARIDES glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose C 6 H 12 O 6 or (CH 2 O) n /n= 3-8 Isomers: same chemical (molecular) formula but different structural formulas. Monosaccharides. Glucose

nelsonh
Download Presentation

Carbohydrates

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Carbohydrates • Remember “-ose” suffix • C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio • Monomers are MONOSACCHARIDES • glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose • C6H12O6 or (CH2O)n /n= 3-8 • Isomers: same chemical (molecular) formula but different structural formulas

  2. Monosaccharides • Glucose • primary, short term energy source • made during photosynthesis

  3. Monosaccharides • Fructose • plant sugar • sweet

  4. Monosaccharides • Ribose • C5H10O5 • Found in ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Deoxyribose • missing an oxygen • Found in DNA

  5. Isomers • Same chemical formula (number and type of atoms) • Different structural formulas (arrangement of atoms in space)

  6. Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis(2 sugars) • Sucrose--table sugar--fructose + glucose • Lactose--milk sugar--glucose + galactose • Maltose--malt sugar--two glucose

  7. Dehydration Systhesis to form Disaccharide

  8. Other Disaccharides

  9. Polysaccharides • Complex • Made of many monosaccharides (glucose is most common) • Condensation Rxn • Glycogen, Chitin (animals) • Starch, Cellulose (plants)

  10. Polysaccharides--Glycogen • Branched chain of glucose monomers • Intermediate energy source for animals • Stored in liver and muscles • Liver converts to glucose through hydrolysis when quick energy is needed

  11. Polysaccharides--Starch • Branching or spiral chain of glucose monomers • Plant storage molecule--energy reserve

  12. Polysaccharides--Cellulose H-Bond • Long straight chains of glucose monomers • Chains laid side by side, connected by Hydrogen bonds • Structural carbohydrate--does not provide energy • “Fiber” • Most abundant carb

  13. Cellulose (SEM)

  14. LIPIDS • C, H, O • Large numbers of C’s and H’s/few O’s • Fats, oils, waxes, steroids • NONPOLAR/HYDROPHOBIC • Excess energy storage (2x’s carbs), insulation, padding and shape, vitamin storage, structural, chemical messengers

  15. Lipid Monomers • Glycerol--3 carbon chain • Fatty acid chain--hydrocarbon (C and H) with a fatty acid (carboxyl group) COOH attached Fatty Acid Chain glycerol

  16. Triglycerides • Type of lipid • glycerol + 3 fatty acids • saturated or unsaturated

  17. (+H2O) Dehydration Syntheis (-H2O)

  18. C-O-C Bridge

  19. Unsaturated Triglyceride • Hydrocarbon portion has one or more double or triple bonds • bent chain (double and triple bonds in FA Chain • plants/liquid at room temperature

  20. Saturated Fatty Acid • Single bonds in hydrocarbon chain • Straight chains • Animals/solid at room temperature • Atherosclerosis (plaques in arteries)

  21. Straight Chain Bent Chain  kinks

  22. Hydrogenation • The process of converting naturally unsaturated oils into saturated ones through the forced addition of hydrogens. • Gets rid of double/triple bonds to create a solid, straight chained fat • Peanut butter and margarine

  23. WAXES • Long chain fatty acids + an alcohol group • long chain makes it very waterproof • Plants use waxes as coating--cuticle--to keep from drying out • Animals use wax as protection against microorganisms--ears

  24. PHOSPHOLIPIDS • Almost like a triglyceride except a phophate group takes the place of one fatty acid chain • Glycerol + 2 FA chains + 1 phosphate group • Head-phosphate-polar • Tail-FA chain-nonpolar

  25. Phospholipid Models

  26. STEROIDS • Four fused carbon rings • 3 six sided, 1-5 sided, and an R goup (variety) • No glycerol or fatty acid • Nonpolar property makes them a lipid R’

  27. PROTEINS • C, H, O, N • Monomer is amino acid (20 different) • Condensation Rxn • Amino Acid has five parts • amine group (NH2), central carbon, carboxyl group (COOH), single hydrogen, R group • R (radical group) determines type of amino acid and properties

  28. Amino Acid Monomer Single H Central C R group R group different in each Amino Acid: 20 Different R groups

  29. Formation of a Peptide (Protein) • Peptide bonds form during condensation • Covalent in nature

  30. Levels of Protein Organization • Primary Structure • straight chain amino acid sequence

  31. Secondary Structure • helical • fomation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids of one primary chain

  32. Tertiary Structure • folding of primary structure occurs • various interactions between atoms of amino acids

  33. Quaternary Structure • association of two or more peptides (proteins) with the primary structure

  34. Functions of Proteins • Used in cell membrane--transport • Enzymes--Catalysts (-ase suffix) • Antibodies--immune system • Hormones • Venom • Structural--muscles

  35. Lock and Key Model of Enzyme • Substrate is reactant being catalyzed (changed) • Fits into enzyme like key fits into lock • Weakening of chemical bonds • Enzymes not altered and can be reused • Substrate specific

  36. How a Poison Works • Poison molecule blocks enzyme so it cannot recognize its substrate • Example: locoweed poisoning in livestock

  37. Denaturing • Heat or weak acid can destroy Hydrogen bonds/inactivates enzymes • tertiary structure will uncoil (denaturation) • vinegar (acetic acid) can “cook” albumen (white) of egg without heat • proteins in raw fish denatured by citric acid in lime or lemon juice • hemolytic proteins at site of snakebite can be denatured by electrical discharge (stun gun)

  38. Nucleic Acids • Polymers that store genetic information • Monomers are nucleotides • 3 parts: phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogen bases • DNA: deoxyribose + phosphate + base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) • RNA: ribose + phosphate + base (adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine) • Bonding (A-T or A-U; C-G)

  39. C5H10O5 C5H10O4

  40. Purines (2 rings) adenine, guanine Pyrimidines (1 ring) cytosine, thymine, uracil Nitrogen Base Types

  41. Rosalyn Franklin • First to recognize the helix shape of DNA using X-ray crystallography • Her work was passed on to James Watson and Francis Crick who used it to determine the detailed structure of DNA • Never given official credit for her contribution to the study • Died at age 37 from cancer

  42. James Watson and Francis Crick • Used Franklin’s information to determine details of DNA • Won Nobel Prize for discovery in 1962

  43. VERY Helpful Websites • www.emc.maricopa.edu • Choose Biology, then #3 Chem II: Water and Organic Molecules • www.waynesword.palomar.edu/bio100 • Choose Chemicals of Living Systems

More Related