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Climate Smart Landscapes

Climate Smart Landscapes. Tony Simons (ICRAF) CTA Briefing, Brussels, Sept 2012. Climate Smart Landscapes. What is a Landscape? Climate Smart (Wins and Losses) The Landscape Approach. 1. What is a Landscape?. Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including:

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Climate Smart Landscapes

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  1. Climate Smart Landscapes Tony Simons (ICRAF) CTA Briefing, Brussels, Sept 2012

  2. Climate Smart Landscapes • What is a Landscape? • Climate Smart (Wins and Losses) • The Landscape Approach

  3. 1. What is a Landscape? • Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including: • physical elements of landforms such as mountains, water bodies, vegetation • human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and • transitory elements such as weather conditions. • (from Wikipedia, 2012) "landscapes are not only what lies before our eyes but what lies within our heads.“ (Meinig)

  4. Urban Areas Pasture & Rangelands 3.4 billion ha Pasture & Rangelands 3.4 billion ha Crop Land 1.5 billion ha Crop Land 1.5 billion ha Natural Forest 4.1 billion ha Tree Plantations 0.3 billion ha Natural Forest 4.1 billion ha Deserts 1.9 billion ha Wetlands 1.3 billion ha Deserts 1.9 billion ha Wetlands 1.3 billion ha Global Land Area

  5. Global Land Area - proportional Pasture & Rangelands 3.4 billion ha Crop Land 1.5 billion ha Natural Forest 4.1 billion ha Deserts 1.9 billion ha Wetlands 1.3 billion ha

  6. What is best way to achieve CSA?? • Productivity/Income • Sequestration/Mitigation • Reduced emissions • Resilience/Adaptation Agriculture Forestry Environment CSA REDD+ PES

  7. 2. Climate Smart (Wins, Losses) • Climate Smart Agriculture seeks to: • Increase productivity/income (P&I) • Increase Carbon sequestration (Seq) • Reduce agriculture GHG emissions (REm) • Strengthen farmers’ resilience/adaptation (Adp) win-win-win-win? or tradeoffs?

  8. √√√ Zero grazing of ruminants IAASTD Rubber plantation in Amazon Fertilised maize on poor soils √ ??? X XXX

  9. Tradeoffs between water & land productivity in drylands

  10. Information and Knowledge Gaps/Needs • Conceptual framework • Data sources • Modelling • M&E systems • Trade-off analyses (method and units) • Indicators, Metrics and Indices • Decision processes, choices, perspectives

  11. 3. The Landscape Approach

  12. 3. The Landscape Approach (cont.) • Much mentioned at Rio +20, why? • Is it new? Or a recycled existing approach? • Is it exclusive? • Championed by some with almost religious zeal • Will it apply in all locations? and all sectors? • Is it associated with an institution? • Does it have a formal definition?

  13. 3. The Landscape Approach (cont.) Four underlying Principles: • 1. Make sense and operate across nested and interacting • social and political scales (village, district, country) • 2. Make sense and operate across nested and overlapping • biophysical scales (e.g. farm, watershed, basin) • 3. Involve multiple and defined sectors and stakeholders • 4. Seek synergies and reduce tradeoffs People-Place-Purpose The right practice for the right people in the right place for the right reason

  14. Ethiopia soil map Soil maps generally static Coarse resolution Don’t reflect functional properties of the soil

  15. But what does it mean? and how can we use it?

  16. Soil Carbon (30m x 30m) Can guide better decisions

  17. Soil Erosion prevalence

  18. Landscape learnings from Challenges of REDD • Market alone won’t solve deforestation problem • Carbon only part of picture (water, habitat, biodiversity, services) • MRV needs to be independent of government • Handling cross-sectoral/ministerial issues • Controversy over rights to pollute, displacement of emissions • Opportunism of carbon cowboys • Definition and inclusion problems of tree, forest • Asynchronous forest laws, agrarian reform, land tenure • Land-use/land-cover conundrum • Bundling protection forest, production forest, conversion forest, (non-forest) • REDD is only partial accounting • Low capacity/compliance of fpic, indigenous rights, social safeguards • Baselines versus reference levels • Emissions embedded in trade • Stock:emission rate ratios are lowering (time pressure to act) • All actors believe most finance should go to them

  19. eastern western Fort Tenan

  20. Participatory Assessment of Current and Potential Climate Smart Practices Using and Improving Predictive Tools for Potential Impact Awareness Raising, Capacity Development and Demonstrations Baseline Measurement and Monitoring of Land Health Greenhouse Gases Introduction or testing of Climate Smart Practices FAO MICCA Project Increasing Productivity Reducing Environmental Footprint

  21. Tenure effects on land productivity and investment Un-adjudicated land: no firm legal title Adjudicated under the Land Adjudication Act CAP 284 1968, intensive smallholder cultivation with clear freehold title Norton-Griffith, in preparation

  22. Investment and returns to land

  23. Land units as non-interacting aggregates Economic or social synergies not accommodated Social processes across land uses ignored or aggregated Human Landscapes (Ghazoul, ISPC Meeting, 2011)

  24. The Good News …and yes, there are some systems that can give the four wins

  25. unsustainable agriculture climate smart landscapes

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