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Paul Lagasse Dept. of Information Technology Ghent University

OPTICAL NETWORK EVOLUTION. Paul Lagasse Dept. of Information Technology Ghent University. IST May 2001. Technology Drivers. Global Area Network. GAN Capacity 10 Tb/s/fibre (2015) Max transmission speed 100 Gb/s Unregenerated distance > 10,000 km. Wide Area Network. WAN

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Paul Lagasse Dept. of Information Technology Ghent University

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  1. OPTICAL NETWORK EVOLUTION Paul Lagasse Dept. of Information Technology Ghent University IST May 2001

  2. Technology Drivers Global Area Network • GAN • Capacity 10 Tb/s/fibre (2015) • Max transmission speed 100 Gb/s • Unregenerated distance > 10,000 km Wide Area Network • WAN • Capacity 2.5-40 Tb/s/fibre • Max transmission speed, 40 Gb/s • Unregenerated distance 3000 km • OXC: >5000 x 5000 • MA(O)N • Capacity: ? • Distance: 20-200 km • OADM Dimensions:? Metropolitan/Regional Area Optical Network • Client/Access • Integrating IP&Backbone (control) • Gigabit Ethernet: • low cost WDM Client/Access Networks FTTB ATM ISP Cable modem Networks SDH/ SONET Gigabit Ethernet • Services • Fast provisioning ATM FTTH Cable PSTN/IP Corporate/ Enterprise Clients Mobile MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex

  3. IP IP MPLS ATM SDH FRAMING WDM / OTN l-networking Pt to Pt WDM Network Evolution

  4. IP over Intelligent Optical Networks • Establish high-speed optical layer connections (lightpaths) • IP routers connected through lightpaths rather than fiber • Switching (WDM crossconnects) add flexibility to the optical layer • Flexible, potentially rich, topology at IP layer Telscom Consulting, Switzerland

  5. Global Area Network • Capacity 10 Tb/s/fibre (2015) • Max transmission speed 100 Gb/s • Unregenerated distance > 10,000 km Technology Issues: • Transmission options: OTDM+WDM • 100 nm amplification band  Raman +C (1540 nm) +L (1580) bands •  128 channels (100 Ghz spacing) • 100 Gb/s per channel • Key Component & Subsystems: Optical amplifiers • Dispersion compensation (over 100 nm) • Other issues: Trade off between channel speed and wavelength number • Linear/Non-linear transmission MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex

  6. OXC WAN Network • Capacity 2.5-40 Tb/s/fibre • Max transmission speed, 40 -? Gb/s • Unregenerated distance 3000 km • OXC: >5000 x 5000 Technology Issues: • Network level: Optical circuit switching (wavelength routing) • Optical packet switching • Transmission options: OTDM+WDM • 40 Gb/s per channel • 1000 channels • -400 nm amplification band  1250-1650 nm •  1000 channels (50 GHz spacing) • NB: for WAN more channels at lower bit rate gives greater flexibility • Key Component & Subsystems: Optical amplifier configurations for 400 nm • OXC: 1000 wavelengths x 30 (?) fibres = 30000x30000 • -thus new multilevel architecture necessary • Mulitplexers/demultiplexers (for 1000 channels) • Wavelength converters • Tuneable lasers MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex

  7. WAN Client/Access Metropolitan Area Optical Network • MA(O)N • Capacity: ? • Distance: 20-200 km • OADM Dimensions:? • Network level: wavelength division multiplexing/wavelength access • access protocol? • Transmission options: WDM • 2.5-10 Gb/s per channel • 1000 channels • -400 nm amplification band  1250-1650 nm •  1000 channels (50 GHz spacing) • NB: for WAN more channels at lower bit rate gives greater flexibility • Key Component & Subsystems: Low cost components • OADM MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex

  8. UTP-Cable UTP-Cable WAN Evolution: Copper TPs Large Enterprises SN SN SN VDSL POTS, ISDN STM-4/16 speed level OANT FTTC Gateway Router OADM OADM OXC Regional / Metro Optical Access Network Medium Businesses SOHO Residential OADM STM-64+ speed level DWDM OANT FTTB/H Gateway Router Service Interfaces House Wiring LANs ADM Add Drop Multiplexer ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber Line ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network OADM Optical access multiplexer OANT Optical Access Network Termination OXC Optical Cross Connect SN Service Node SOHO Small Office, Home Office VDSL Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line WAN Wide Area Network (all fiber) Telscom Consulting, Switzerland

  9. Service Interfaces House Wiring LANs Broadcast Services CGW CGW CGW CGW Digital & Analog OANT Digital & Analog OANT Coax Cell Coax Cell Coax Cell CATV Back Bone Evolution: Coax Cable, HFC Medium Businesses SOHO Residential Large Enterprises SN Residential SN WAN SN OADM Router OXC Router STM-4/16 speed level OADM Router Regional / Metro (Data Back Bone) CM STM-16/64 speed level DWDM OADM Router Data Modems (CMTs) moving to the OANTs Frequency Reuse in the Coax Distribution Cells Digital & Analog HFC Head-end CGW Digital & Analog OANT Optical Access Network CATV Cable Television CGW Coax Gate Way CM Cable Modem CMT Cable Modem Termination HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax OADM Optical Add Drop Multiplexer OANT Optical Access Network Termination OXC Optical Cross Connect SN Service Node SOHO Small Offices, Home Offices WAN Wide Area Network (all fiber) Coax 5 to 1000MHz Downstream: FDM (AM VSB, QAM) Upstream: FDMA/TDMA (QAM) CGW CGW Telscom Consulting, Switzerland

  10. Downstream: TDM / (D)WDM Upstream: TDMA / (D)WDM RX OANT Mux Router TX 4 TX TX TX TX ld1, ld2,... ldN TX TP-Cable lu1, lu2,... luM OANT Mux Router OANT Mux Router RX RX RX1 RX RX RX Regional Metro In-House Network RX RX TX TX Passive Optical Network PON Layer 1, 2 and 3 • FTTBuilding/Desque • In-House Network / LAN • Enterprises • Big Businesses ld, luvariable ODN TX1 OLT l Mux ldi, luk fixed/config. • FTTBuilding • In_House Network / LAN • Medium Businesses • SOHO • Residential l Demux VDSL POTS, ISDN ADM Add Drop Multiplexer ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber Line ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network NTU Network Termination Unit OANT Optical Access Network Termination ODN Optical Distribution Network OLT Optical Line Termination SOHO Small Offices, Home Offices NTU ldq, lur fixed/ configurable • FTTCurb • SOHO • Residential Telscom Consulting, Switzerland

  11. RX RX RX Passive Optical Star Network (LAN) lsd TX lsd Control Node lsu RX lsu Control Channels lsu + l1 TX1 Optical Terminal 1 Active Star Coupler lsd + li passive opticalCombiner passive opticalSplitter lsu + l2 TX2 Optical Terminal 2 lsd + li optical amplifier 3R-Regeneration (i=1,...n) 1000BaseLX/SX/CX 10’000BaseLX IP Layer 1, 2 and 3 lsu + ln OSI Model Layers: 1 Physical 2 Data Link (Including Medium Access Control) 3 Network (e.g. IP Address Resolution Protocol ARP, Routing, “Distributed Ultra High Speed Router”) TXn Optical Terminal n Regional / Metro lsd + li Telscom Consulting, Switzerland

  12. Regional / Metro Optical Ring / Star Network 1, 2 Transfer 3, 4 Drop 5, 6 Add 7, 8 Loop Back (Restoration) 1 RX TX 7 8 2 TX RX 5 3 4 6 Mutliplexer AN AN AN I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O N Access Interfaces Access Network Fiber or Copper AN AN AN • AN to the Building • Enterprises • Big Businesses • FTTCurb / DSL • SOHO • Residential UTP-Cable UTP-Cable FTTBuilding / Active Star: • Medium Businesses • SOHO • Residential Telscom Consulting, Switzerland

  13. Ultra high bit rate transmission experiments Source: LEOS Newsletter 10/99, OFC‘2000, ECOC‘2000, OFC‘2001

  14. Optical buffers Wavelength converters Switches Routers 3R repeaters Dispersion compensators Amplifiers Receivers Light sources Fibers Component technologies and trends Emerging component technologies Packet switched optical networks Circuit switched optical networks Point-to-point systems

  15. SOA SOA Wavelength conversion and regeneration - example Regeneration and wavelength conversion @ 40 Gbit/s Inputsignal t CW Outputsignal Regeneration and wavelength conversion obtained - conversion over 80 nm possible

  16. Emerging component technologies Emerging component technologies • Microoptics and • Nanoelectronics • MOEMS • Photonic bandgap • devices • Quantum dot • devices • Carbon nanotubes Polymer optoelectronics • Quantum • Communication • Cryptography • Computing • Teleportation

  17. Size: microns to mm scale Optical Speed: 100 ’s of nanoseconds to 1s Electro-Optical Opto- Mechanical MOEMS Electrical Mechanical Electro- Mechanical Cost: cost of chip + assembly/package MicroOptoElectroMechanical Systems (MOEMS) What is the MOEMS ? Characteristics of MOEMS Scalability: 1 to 106 components Actuation energy: CV2/2(electrostatic)

  18. Waves in periodic structures Bandgap k Normalised frequency c 0.5 1-D periodic structure Normalised wavevector k/2 Band diagram

  19. Photonic bandgap structuresfor compact photonic ICs SEM picture of a PBG waveguide in silicon-on-isolator Schematic diagram of a photonic bandgap waveguide From IST project PICCO

  20. PBG-waveguides Numerical calculation of an electromagnetic field propagating in a T-shaped PBG waveguide T. Sondergaard and K. Dridi, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 61, p. 15688, 2000

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