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Journal

Journal. What do you think motivated the earliest explorers to cross uncharted oceans? POI page 460 (1-3). The Atlantic World. 1492-1800. BIG THEMES. INNOVATION : New technologies for exploration and expansion

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Journal

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  1. Journal • What do you think motivated the earliest explorers to cross uncharted oceans? • POI page 460 (1-3)

  2. The Atlantic World 1492-1800

  3. BIG THEMES • INNOVATION: New technologies for exploration and expansion • MOVEMENT: Europeans establish contacts with peoples in Asia, Africa, and Americas • DIFFUSION: Columbian Exchange brings people, animals, foods, and disease to new environments • CHANGE: Concentration & creation of wealth sparks the Commercial Revolution in Europe

  4. What motivated Europeans to explore west? • Ottoman conquest and weakening of Mongols in Eurasia led to desire for other routes to the Orient for the spice trade • Renaissance curiosity • Desire to spread Christianity and halt Islam • Competition among European Kingdoms

  5. What new technologies provided the means for exploration of the west? • Compass (Invention of the Chinese) • Astrolabe (Long used by Arabs - to determine longitude) • Rediscovery of Greek maps during Renaissance (Ptolemy and other cartographers had better maps and charts) • Caravel (Ship using triangle shaped lateen sails - perfected by Arabs & multiple masts)

  6. Caravel “The best ships that sailed the seas” • Ship using triangle shaped lateen sails could sail against the wind (perfected by Arabs) • Multiple masts were faster • Could be beached for repairs • Could carry 130 tons

  7. New Inventions • The Caravel • The Astrolabe

  8. PORTUGAL • Prince Henry the Navigator (early 1400’s) sponsored voyages which discovered the Azores, the Madeira Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands

  9. Wind and current patterns in the world’s oceans • The Volta do Mar • “return through the sea”

  10. Journal • POI page 480 (1-3) • POI page 484 (1-2) • POI page 486 (1-2)

  11. PORTUGAL • Bartholomeu Dias (1487) Discovered southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) • Vasco Da Gama (1497) Sailed to Calicut in India

  12. Spanish Conquest • Christopher Columbus (1492) • San Salvador • Established Colonies on second trip • Cabral – Brazil (Portugal) • Amerigo Vespucci – (Portugal) • Ferdinand Magellan (1519) • 1522 Crew completed journey around globe

  13. Circumnavigation of the Globe • Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513 • Distance to Asia unknown • Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522 • Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America • Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors survive journey • Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippine Islands

  14. RIVALS • Portugal and Spain became rivals in exploring the west, each wanted to protect their claims in the Americas • The Pope in 1493 created the Line of Demarcation • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Moved the Line of Demarcation further west

  15. Spanish Conquest • CONQUISTADORS • Hernando Cortes • Conquers Aztecs and Montezuma II (1521) • Francisco Pizarro • Conquers Incas (1532)

  16. Chronology • 1492-1570: Conquest • Caribbean: Encomienda (Taino and Caribs) • Iberian-style cities • Slow takeover by Spanish Institutions and the Church • Increased migration of women and later African slaves • Slow growth in plantation crops • 1570-1700: Consolidation and Maturity • 1700’s: Reform and reorganization that intensified colonial relationships and planted the seeds for revolt

  17. Conquest and Morality • Pg. 429-430 • 25 million in 1519 to 2 million by 1580 in Central Mexico • The growth in livestock replaced the indian population • Encomiendas were slowly phased out by 1620’s and replaced by wage labor • Indian were able to retain aspects of indigenous life by retaining local elite leadership and using litigation in colonial courts.

  18. Sociedad de castas • Peninsulares • Creole • Mestizo • Mulatto • Native American (Indian) • African Slave

  19. New World Economics • Agriculture: 80% of the population worked the land • Silver: This connected the new world to the old world economy • Potosi in Peru, and Zacatecas in Mexico • Minerals left for the old world in exchange for European manufactured items

  20. Conquest and Morality Pg. 429 (Stearns) • What arguments were used to justify slavery and by whom? • What arguments were used against slavery and by whom? • What were the results of these debates? • What was the consequence of Indian population losses? • How did exploitation of the Indians change from the 1500’s to the 1600’s?

  21. Competing Claims in North America • New France (p. 493) • 65,000 colonists by 1760 • Largely male fur-trappers • Louisiana

  22. English Settlement • Jamestown: • 1607, 100 settlers, in Virginia • Early disastrous results (7 of 10 died) • First permanent English settlement • Began growing tobacco • New England (Plymouth) • Pilgrims, 1620, Plymouth • Puritans, 1628, Massachusetts Bay

  23. Dutch / Caribbean • New Netherlands • Henry Hudson (1609) New York • Fur Trade • Caribbean • French (Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique) • English (Barbados, Jamaica) • Sugar, Tobacco

  24. Battle for Control • English wished to take the Dutch territory • Duke of York (1664) • French and Indian War (1754) • (7 Years War in Europe and West Indies) • Due to English movement west • Ended with English victory in 1763

  25. Native American Reaction • Dutch and French had relatively stable relt. W/ the native Americans (due to small numbers and the fur trade) • English had a strained relationship due to the large population and religious issues (Puritans)

  26. Native American Reaction • 1622 Powhatan v. Jamestown • 1675 King Philips’ War (Metacom) Massachusetts • Disease and gunpowder could not be overcome by the native Americans

  27. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Slavery in Africa (read p 495 “Spotlight on Slavery”) • Muslim tradition allowed for 4.8 million Africans to be shipped to S.E. Asia between 650 and 1600. • Muslim slaves generally were domestic servants but had legal rights and an opportunity for social mobility

  28. Economic Need • Colonization of the Americas led to the need for replenishing the Native American workforce dying from disease. • Africans had • 1. Immunity to disease • 2. Experience with farming • 3. No knowledge of the New World

  29. Atlantic Slave Trade • 9.5 million Africans were transported overseas to the Americas from 1500 to 1870 • Portugal dominated the trade with imports to Brazil with Spain following. • Brazil held 40% of all imported slaves to the Americas (10 times the number shipped to North America)

  30. Atlantic Slave Trade • England • Dominated the trade in the 1700’s • Most slaves went to sugar, tobacco, or coffee plantations • African Kingdoms • Many played a willing role • King Affonso (p. 496)

  31. The Journey • Triangle Trade • P. 497 • Europe (weapons and finished goods) • Africa (slaves, ivory, gum) • Americas (tobacco, sugar, rum, cotton) • Middle Passage • P. 498

  32. Consequences in America • Devastated African families and Kingdoms • Broke up families • Introduced firearms to Africa • Contributed to the economic success of the New World • Contributed their culture to the New World • Mixed Race Populations in the New World

  33. Economic Revolution • Columbian Exchange: The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas • Commercial Revolution: The dramatic growth in new businesses and trade practices in Europe during the 16th and 17th century

  34. Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit. • Joint Stock Companies: A company that is established by people who pool their wealth for an economic venture

  35. Mercantilism: Economic theory whereby a country’s power depended on its wealth. • Power was established by • Obtaining gold and silver • Obtaining a “favorable balance of trade” in which it sells more goods than it buys

  36. The Columbian Exchange • Named for Christopher Columbus • Global diffusion: • Plants and crops • Animals • Human populations • Disease pathogens • Links between previously independent biological zones • Permanently alters human geography, natural environment

  37. Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline • Smallpox • Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenze • No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania • No inherited, acquired immunities • 1519 smallpox in Aztec Empire • Population declines 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1.3 million)

  38. Food Crops and Animals • Columbian exchange also increases overall food supply • Introduction to European animals to Americas • Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, etc. • Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa • Maize, potatoes, beans, etc.

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