Farewell to Manzanar Introduction

1. Farewell to ManzanarIntroduction Honors English II Miss Lawson

2. Japanese Internment Camps During World War II In 1942 shortly after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, approximately 110,000 Japanese Nationals and Japanese Americans were forced into housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps.“

3. Who was interned? All Japanese citizens on the West Coast were sent to camps. In Hawaii, which had a large Japanese American population, only about 10% were interned. Of all of the Japanese Americans interned, about 62% were American citizens.

4. Who it involved? • About 127,000 Japanese Americans lived on the West Coast at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack. • About 80,000 were nisei (Japanese born in the United States and holding American citizenship) and sansei (the sons or daughters of nisei). • The rest were issei(people born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship). • Italian and German American considered dangerous were also put in camps. This was done on a much smaller scale.

5. How could this happen? • President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment with Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones", from which "any or all persons may be excluded.“ • This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast, including all of California and most of Oregon and Washington, except for those in internment camps

6. Racially Motivated or Truly Dangerous? • Those that were as little as 1/16th Japanese could be placed in internment camps.[ • There is some evidence supporting the argument that the measures were racially motivated, rather than a military necessity. • For example, orphaned infants with "one drop of Japanese blood" (as explained in a letter by one official) were included in the program.

7. Anti-Japanese Feelings • Most Japanese Americans settled in California • Competition for jobs created hard feelings • Competition amongst farmers to sell their products also caused hard feelings • Marriages between Americans and Japanese or other Asians was prohibited by law in 1905 • Schools were segregated • Laws made it hard for “Orientals” to become citizens

8. Racist Quote “I don't want any of them [persons of Japanese ancestry] here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still a Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty... But we must worry about the Japanese all the time until he is wiped off the map.”

9. Another Racist Quote • "We're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons. We do. It's a question of whether the white man lives on the Pacific Coast or the brown men… If all the Japs were removed tomorrow, we had never miss them in two weeks, because the white farmers can take over and produce everything the Jap grows. And we do not want them back when the war ends, either.”

10. One More • "I am for the immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior. I don't mean a nice part of the interior either. Herd 'em up, pack 'em off and give 'em the inside room in the badlands. Personally, I hate the Japanese. And that goes for all of them."

11. Alien Registration Act • Among many other loyalty regulations, Section 31 required the registration and fingerprinting of all aliens above the age of 14, and Section 35 required aliens to report any change of address within 5 days. • In the subsequent months, nearly five million foreign nationals registered at post offices around the country

12. Loyalty Regulations • Among many other loyalty regulations, Section 31 required the registration and fingerprinting of all aliens above the age of 14, and Section 35 required aliens to report any change of address within 5 days. • In the subsequent months, nearly five million foreign nationals registered at post offices around the country

13. Fear Develops • The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led some to suspect that Japan was preparing a full-scale attack on the West Coast of the United States. • The overtaking of a large portion of Asia and the Pacific between 1936 and 1942 made Japan’s military forces seem unstoppable to some Americans.

14. Well-known Internment Camps • Gile River War Relocation Center, Arizona • Granada War Relocation Center, Colorado (AKA "Amache") • Heart Mountain War Relocation Center, Wyoming • Jerome War Relocation Center, Arkansas • ManzanarWar Relocation Center, California • Minidoka War Relocation Center, Idaho • Poston War Relocation Center, Arizona • RohwerWar Relocation Center, Arkansas • TopazWar Relocation Center , Utah • Tule Lake War Relocation Center, California

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17. How do we deal? • The phrase “shikataganai" (loosely translated as "it cannot be helped") was commonly used to summarize the interned families' resignation to their helplessness throughout these conditions. This was even noticed by the children, as mentioned in the well-known memoir Farewell to Manzanar .

18. Compliance • Although that may be the view to outsiders, the Japanese people tended to comply with the U.S. government to prove themselves loyal citizens. • This perceived loyalty to the United States can be attributed to the collective mentality of Japanese culture, where citizens are more concerned with the overall good of the group as opposed to focusing on individual wants and nee

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