Chapter 16: Slavery Divides the Nation…

1. Chapter 16: Slavery Divides the Nation… Section 1: Slavery in the Territories

2. The Missouri Compromise • Missouri Compromise: • Agreement proposed in 1819. • By Henry Clay to keep the number of slave and free states equal.

3. The Missouri Compromise • Debates about slavery in new territories.....Yes or No!!! • 1819: • 11 free states • 11 slave states • Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state. • This would give the South the majority in the Senate!!!

4. The Missouri Compromise • Maine wanted to become a state as well. • Henry Clay came up with a compromise. • Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state....This would keep everything balanced!!

5. The Missouri Compromise • Congress drew an imaginary line through Missouri....36' 30'N(Latitude)... • Slavery was permitted in Louisiana Purchase territory south of the line. • And banned slavery north of the line. • Exception: Missouri itself (all slave state)

6. Slavery in the West… • Wilmot Proviso- • Law passed in 1846 that banned slavery in any territories won by the U.S. from Mexico. • Popular Sovereignty: • Mid-1800's • Idea that each territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery.

7. Wilmot Proviso • 1848: • Mexican War adds much land to the U.S. in the West! • David Wilmot: • Member of Congress from Penn. • Tried to have all new Mexican territory slave free • Ban on slavery! • Called this the Wilmot Proviso

8. Wilmot Proviso • Wilmot Proviso: • Passed by House of Reps. • Senate rejected the Wilmot Proviso. • Continued arguments about slavery!!

9. Opposing Views • Southerners: Wanted slavery • Northerners: Opposed slavery • In between the two extremes: Moderates • Felt that the Missouri Compromise line should extend to the Pacific Ocean. • Some felt that the new states should be able to decide for themselves.

10. The Free-Soil Party • Free-Soil party: • Bipartisan antislavery party founded by the U.S. in 1848 to keep slavery out of the western territories.

11. Free Soil Party • Antislavery members that came from two parties: • 1. The Northern Democrats. • 2. Whigs. • Goal of party: • Keep slavery out of western territories

12. Election of 1848 • Free-Soil Party: • Martin Van Buren(Ban on Slaves) • Democrats: • Lewis Cass(popular sovereignty) • Whigs: • Zachary Taylor(wins election)(slave owner) • Slavery was main issue!!!

13. The Compromise of 1850 Section 2 Chapter 16

14. California’s Impact • 1849: • 15 free states • 15 slave states • California wanted to enter as a free state. • Along with possibly : • Oregon. • Utah. • And New Mexico. • South would be out-voted by free states in the Senate! • South wanted to secede from the U.S.

15. Clay v. Calhoun • Clay: • AKA "The Great Compromiser" feared the nation would break apart. • John C. Calhoun(S.C.): • Refused to compromise • 1.Wanted slavery in western territories. • 2. Demanded that fugitive slaves be returned to their owners. • If the North did not agree, the South would part in peace.

16. The Compromise of 1850 • Five Parts: • 1. California would enter Union as a free state. • 2. Divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into • New Mexico and Utah. (popular sovereignty) • 3. Ended the slave trade in Washington D.C. • (Congress would have no power over slave trade between slave states) • 4. Strict fugitive slave law. • 5. Settled border disputes between Texas and New Mexico.

17. Fugitive Slave Act • Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves. • If anyone let a fugitive escape....$1,000 fine and jail time. • Special courts were created to handle cases--- • NO suspects were allowed a jury trial!! • Judges received $10 for sending the accused runaway to the South....$5 to set them free.

18. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Antislavery Bestseller: • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Tells of an enslaved African American noted for his kindness. • His owner whips him to death for not telling the whereabouts of two runaway slaves. • Uncle Tom's Cabin outsold every book except the Bible in the years leading up to the Civil War. • Translated into over 20 different languages.

19. The Crisis Deepens… Section 3 Chapter 16

20. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas • 1854: • law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. • Giving the settlers the right of popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery. • This territory stretched from Texas to Canada. • President Franklin Pierce and Stephen Douglas helped to push it through Congress

21. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Southerners were happy with the Act. • Northerners were outraged! • The Missouri Compromise already banned slavery in these territories. • It seemed the Kansas-Nebraska Act would repeal the Missouri Compromise! • Northerners openly challenged the Fugitive Slave Act.

22. The Crisis Turns Violent • Most new settlers came because they wanted land cheap! • Abolitionists moved into area as well as proslavery settlers. • Border Ruffians- • proslavery bands from Missouri who often battled antislavery forces in Kansas. • 1855: • Kansas held elections to choose law-makers. • Border Ruffians crossed the border into Kansas and voted illegally.

23. Two Governments • Proslavery legislature was elected and passed laws that angered Northerners. • 1. People could be put to death for helping slaves escape. • 2. Speaking out about slavery became a crime punishable by two years of hard labor. • The antislavery settlers refused to follow laws and created their own legislature and governor! • Kansas now had TWO separate governments!!

24. Bleeding Kansas • Nickname of Kansas because of the guerrilla warfare that took place throughout 1856. • Guerrilla warfare: • The use of hit-and-run tactics • Killings at Pottawatomie Creek • Led by antislavery activist John Brown sparked many deaths in Kansas.

25. Dred Scott Case • Dred Scott was enslaved in Missouri for many years. • He moved with his owner to Illinois and then to Wisconsin where slavery was banned. • They eventually moved back to Missouri where Scott's owner died. • Scott filed a lawsuit and argued that because he had lived in free territory, he had become a free man!

26. The Supreme Court Ruling.. • Angered Northerners! • 1. Supreme Court stated that Scott could not file a suit because slaves were not citizens. • 2. Slaves were considered property. • 3. The Court did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory--- • The Missouri Compromise, according to the Court, was unconstitutional! • This meant that slavery was legal in all territories!!!!

27. The Republican Party Emerges… Section 4 Chapter 16

28. The Republican Party… • Developed in 1854. • Free-Soilers. • Northern Democrats. • Antislavery Whigs. • ALL wanted to stop slavery!!!

29. Election of 1856 • John C. Fremont: • Republican • Frontiersman who helped with California's independence • Little political experience • Opposed slavery.

30. Election of 1856 • James Buchanan: • Democrat: • “Northern man with southern principles" • Hoped to attract people from the North and South.

31. Election of 1856 • Millard Fillmore: • "Know-Nothing-Party“ • Wanted to preserve the Union.

32. Results • Buchanan wins the election!!! • The Republicans did win 1/3 of popular vote. • This showed that they had a lot of influence! • Southerners began to worry that their influence was fading!!

33. Abe Lincoln • Born in Kentucky. • Grew up in Illinois. • Frontiersman. • Self taught education. (only was in school for 1 yr.) • Studied to be a lawyer • "Just Folks“: simple man. • Wrestling • Honest-plain spoken. • Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Decided to run for Senate against Stephen Douglas!

34. Lincoln- Douglas Debates • Seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas. • Slavery was main issue. • Douglas was a supporter of popular sovereignty. • Lincoln opposed slavery in new territories. • Douglas won the debates by a slim margin... • Lincoln did become very popular from the debates (esp. in the North).

35. John Brown’s Raid • 1859: • Raids Harpers Ferry, Virginia • Raided a federal arsenal (gun warehouse) • Captured by Robert E. Lee • 10 raiders are killed by Lee's troops and Brown • is captured! • In court: • Brown was found guilty of murder and treason (actions against one's country) • Sentenced to Death! • Martyr: (willing to give up your life for beliefs).

36. A Nation Divides Section 5 Chapter 16

37. Election of 1860… • Abraham Lincoln: • Republican candidate • Stephen Douglas: • Northern Democrats • John Breckinridge: • Southern Democrats • John Bell: • The Constitutional Union Party • (Moderate --still looking for compromise between the North and South)

38. Election of 1860 Results… • Abraham Lincoln wins the election!!! • Last Effort to Save Union: • Senator John Crittenden • Kentucky. • Tries to introduce bill that would extend the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific. • The South decides to secede from the Union.

39. The Confederate States of America… • Seven states: • South Carolina. • Alabama. • Florida. • Georgia. • Louisiana. • Mississippi. • Texas. • New President of Confederacy: • Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. • The confederate troops began to seize federal property in the South.(forts, post offices, government buildings)

40. The Civil War Begins… • The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter on April 11, 1861. • The Union commander, Major Robert Anderson, was forced to surrender on April 13, 1861. • This sparked the beginning of the Civil War!!!

41. Essay Topics… • 1. Explain how the election of 1860 was the final blow that started the Civil War. (Provide examples...) • Provide three examples to support the following statement...(details needed) • A series of compromises delayed the Civil War for 40 years. • 2. Describe the Dred Scott Supreme Court case. • --Three parts of decision • --Two major results • 3. Explain the four major parts of the Compromise of 1850.

42. Essay Topics… • 4. List two ways in which the Lincoln-Douglas debates helped Abe Lincoln. • 5. Explain Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. • --How did North react. • --How did South react. • --Impact of the novel