Nonvascular Plant

1. Nonvascular Plant EunSeo Lee

2. Nonvascular Plant definition • A group of plants that do not have a vascular system(xylem and phloem) ☞Xylem: a vascular tissue that gets water and nutrients upward from the root ☞Phloem: a vascular tissue that conducts sugars and metabolic products downward from the leaves

3. Therefore, Non-vascular plants’ nutrients and water simply move to the plants’ body by cell. ☞water can move in this way as long as the plants’ body is not too much thick.

4. How do they get nutrients and water? • They receive water from rainfall and most of their nutrients are dissolved in this water. • Rhizoid also helps to take those nutrients. • Gases simply diffuse across the plant surface but liverworts also have pores which are permanently open for gas exchange. Certain mosses also have stomata on their capsules

5. Characteristics • Have small reduced leaves • No vascular tissues, true roots, and flower • Do not have seed; so plants are reproduced by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water. • Grow best in damp, shaded condition • Smaller in size

7. Reproduction • Alternation of Generation: the plant processes two stages during its life cycle, alternating between a diploid (2n) and haploid (n).

8. Sexual Reproduction

9. The haploid stage is called Gametophyte • Gametophyte: the gamete-producing plants. • The gametophytes have different female and male reproductive organs-Archegonia and Antheridia.

10. Archegonia produce eggs/ Antheridia produce sperm • Sperm(n) cell moves and when a sperm cell fertilizes inside the archegonia, a diploid zygote(spore) is formed • Water is required in the cycle because sperm must travel through the water to reach the eggs. • The zygote divides by meiosis and eventually develops into a mature sporophyte(2n).

11. The diploid stage is called the sporophyte. • Spore: a single reproductive cell that is protected by a hard, watertight covering. It can be moved through the air. • Sporophyte: This makes and release spores into the environment where they can reproduce. • Spores will germinate and grow into the haploid gametophyte.

12. Asexual Reproduction • It also reproduce asexually if a piece of gametophyte stage plant breaks off and settles in an appropriate environment. • It is less common way to reproduce

13. Phylum • Bryophyta (mosses) • Hepatophyta (liverworts) • Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

14. Bryophyta (Mosses) • Structure: Stalk, Capsule, Rhizoid, Stem, and Leaf

15. Bryophyta (Mosses) • Respiration: Mitochondria and Photosynthesis • In the reproduction, as the spore germinates, it develops into a thin, filamentous stage called a protonema. • They do not grow very large. • Mosses are actually made of many tiny, dark green plants.

16. Bryophyta (Mosses) Anomobryum filiforme

17. Hepatophyta (liverworts) • Structure: Thallus, Rhizoid, Gemma cup, and Receptacle

18. Hepatophyta (liverworts) • Small, green, and terrestrial plants • Some liverworts may also reproduce asexually by bundles of tissue called gemma. In many liverworts, gemmae develop in small cup like structures called gemma cups. • Mostly found in moist environments and tend to be less resistant to desiccation.

19. Hepatophyta (liverworts) reboulia hemisphaerica

20. Anthocerophyta-hornworts • Hornwort refers to the slender, upright sporophyte surrounded in the thallus-like gametophyte. • It is a submerged plant • There is a horn shaped sporophyte that grows. • Single large chloroplast in each cell

21. Anthocerophyta-hornworts

22. Anthocerophyta-hornworts Ceratophyllum demersum