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Stages of urbanization

Stages of urbanization. dr. Jeney László Senior lecturer jeney@elte.hu. Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2015/2016. CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies. Late antique town. 2.

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Stages of urbanization

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  1. Stages of urbanization dr. Jeney László Senior lecturer jeney@elte.hu Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2015/2016. CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies

  2. Late antique town • 2

  3. Spread of urban culture in Europe • 1600 B. C.: urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) • 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) • Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone) • 3 • 3

  4. Roman Empire • 4 • 4

  5. Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) • 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the world • Link between the antique and the feudal urban development • 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): Constantinople – seat of the Roman Empire • Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia) • Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537) • Early Middle Ages: largest town of Europe • 5 • 5

  6. The feudal town • 6

  7. Characteristics of the European medieval feudal towns • 8th–9th cent.: initial feudal towns • On the basis of 3 types of roles • Role of defence: 9th–12th cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watch-posts • Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne) • Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich) • Where all roles are present  faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges) • Feudal towns: only in West Europe • Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule  Seville (not feudal) • Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire  Constantinople (between antique and feudal) • East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration Period • 7 • 7

  8. Evolution of modern towns • 8

  9. 1. Agglomerating process • = clustering, knitting • Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion • Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization  agglomeration is the 1st stage of the urbanization • Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers converging (centripetal) powers • Absolute concentration • Population of whole agglomeration: increases dynamically • Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban zone increase • City and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete • It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries • Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution • 9

  10. The spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe • Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating process: NW  SE • Reverse way to the spread of the antique urbanization (SE  NW) • 18th cent.: England • Mid 19th cent.: West Europe • Turn of the 19th cent.: N-Eu, E-Central-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu • First half of the 20th cent.: S-Eu • Mid 20th cent.: E-Eu, Balkans • 10

  11. Effects of Industrial Revolution • Industrialization (→shifts in employment) • Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial concentration of population) • Rural  urban migration (→rapid urbanization) • Factors: • Overall demographic boom • England 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mn • France 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mn • Germany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mn • Developing (3rd) World: nowadays • ‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplus • ‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demand • Changing technical background of urban planning (→metropolitan infrastructure)

  12. Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the modern cities 1840 1929 • Europe becomes leader • Towns over 100 th citizens • 1800: Eu 21/ World 65 • 1900: Eu 148/ World 301 • Primacy of Great Britain • First country where the proportion of the urban population: >50% • London • 18th cent.: first modern city (over 500 th citizens) in Europe • 19th cent.: over 2 mn citizens • 1850–1920: largest city of the world • 1stmegapolis (over 8 mn citizens) of the World Contemporary built-up areas of Greater-London • 12

  13. Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of the World number • 13 year

  14. Advantages of agglomerating • From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly) • Rich supply of workplaces • Higher incomes • Existence of educational and cultural institutions • Rich and better quality of housing • Wide range of services (retail trade etc.) • From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive externalities)  P. Krugman: new economic geography • Rich „quality” supply of labour-force • Availability for cooperation • Innovation advantages (research etc.) • Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport) • Closeness of markets

  15. Europe, the craddle of the modern city • Antecedent: antique Rome • Modern cities: after the Industrial Revolution • Spreaded from West Europe: London, Paris • Earlier: ancient Rome • Modern city: after industrial revolution • Spread from West-Europe: London, Paris before 1850 between 1850–1900 between 1850–1900 after 1950 • 15 Source of data: censuses

  16. Evolution of the Budapest Agglomeration • 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + Óbuda • Early 20th cent.: massive suburban development • 1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone • 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater Budapest • 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlements • 1st January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest • Budapest Agglomeration • 1970s: 44 settlements • 1997: 78 settlements • Pest county (not the same) • 16

  17. „Shadows” of agglomeration process • Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development  unwished negative byeffects • Slums • Overcrowding (back-to-back dwelling houses) • Lack of green areas • Pollution of environment (smog) • Lack of public utilities (sanitation) • Cholera epidemic – in 1832 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victims • Crime • Early 19th cent., in slumming of Liverpool: life expectancy at birth: 16 years • 17

  18. Reactions of urban planning on the crowding • New urban planning and architectural acts, laws • Reaction of the urban architecture of the modern era • 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture • Le Corbusier (1887–1965) • Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones + more green area • Foundation of new towns • West Europe (Great Britain, France, Finland, Sweden): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration of the cities • Cities: London (Hatfield, Milton Keynes), Paris (Cergy-Pontoise) • New Lanark (Robert Owen), garden city campaign (Ebenezer Howard) • Socialist countries: socialist towns for the goal of industrialization • 18

  19. Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the garden city campaign • Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard (1848–1928) • 1885.: Garden Cities and Town Planning Association • 1898.: „Garden Cities of Tomorrow” • 19

  20. Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from London • Realized garden cities north from London: • Letchworth (1903) • Welwyn (1920) • 20

  21. Latter stages of the modern urban development: sub-, dez-, re- and post-suburbanization • 21

  22. 2. Suburbanization / exurbanization Anglo-Saxon: exurbanization Relative deconcentration Population number of total agglomeration increases Population number of city decreases, that of suburban zone increases  economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transforms Outmigration of city dwellers Spontaneous Directly towards the suburban zone Its phases: Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace  commuting Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the suburban zone (dezurbanization?  false statement) • 22

  23. Suburbanization / exurbanization Suburbanization of population Insufficient housing supply and environment in central city Development of transportation infrastructure  spatial separation of residential and working zones Initial: public transport (local railways)  radial diffusion Later: cars, public roads:  diffusion among radiuses as well Today: motorways  radial diffusion again Developed countries: from 1920s to 1970s Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of moving  only from 1970s Result: population increase in cities slows down, than decrease But workplaces remain here Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparselier built-up, green areas • 23

  24. Later: moving out of industry and services too Ways of industrial suburbanization moving out greenfield investments Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + suppliers Suburbanization of services Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for space Logistics Recreational activities (Disneyland) Office functions • 24

  25. 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization Population change in Ruhr area • Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976) • (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial suburbanization under the dezurbanization) • Absolute deconcentration • Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970s) • 1970s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigm • Modern urban and industrial regions became unattractive for both the residents and the companies • Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to more and more distance • Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further countryside • Rapidly increasing population of some rural areas • 25

  26. 4. Reurbanization Population change in Ruhr area • Relative concentration • Population number of total agglomeration decreases • Population number of city (especially the centre) increases again • Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Corporations’ (UK) for the urban renewal • Spread of the enterprise form of public private partnership (PPP) • Clearing of the area • Configuration of the public utilities • Configuration of the transportation network • Selling the building plots, seeking for investors • Early 1980s, Europe: 1st big urban rehabilitation projects • Emblematic city: London (Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf) • Later: Birmingham, Berlin, Hamburg, Amsterdam (Waterfront Program), New York (Harlem), Budapest (Middle Ferencváros – Corvin Quarter) • 26

  27. Population change of the urban agglomeration Reurbanization Agglomerating process Suburbanization Exurbanization Dezurbanization Counterurb. Urban agglomeration Suburban zone City • 27 Concentration Deconcentration Concentration

  28. Stages of urban development according to the change of population

  29. Brief summary of the stages of urban development It affects smaller crowds in time Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanization: a few thousands, post-suburbanization: no significant movement Leading, dominant continent Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, reurbanization): initially in Europe Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): initially in North America Dynamics of the process: Initially agglomerating Followed by suburbanization Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-suburbanization More stages could coexistence parallel in cities Cities could be classify upon the dominant stage (Whole countries are classified falsely) • 29

  30. Space-specific elements in the demographic process of the European cities

  31. Annaul average population change of cities from 1950s • 1950s: faster growth • 1970s, 1980s, 1990s: decreasing population • After the turn of the Millennium: population increase again % • 31 cities actually over half million residents 59 cities Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  32. 1950–1960 • Increase: almost everywhere • Decrease: on the British Isles significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) • 32

  33. 1960–1970 • Decrease spreads to West Central Europe (the Netherlands, Germany, Austria) too significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) • 33

  34. 1970–1980 • Decrease spreads further to Belgium, France, North Italy, North Europe • Increase only on the lagging peripheries (Ireland, Mediterranean, socialist countries) significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) • 34

  35. 1980–1990 • Line of Iron Curtain appears in city growth • Decrease: developed Europe (exp. North Europe: inner North–South migration • Increase: socialist Europe (exp. Budapest): more restricted mobility, lack of motorization and highways significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) • 35

  36. 1990–2000 • Pattern radically turned • Decrease: East Central Europe (besides suburbanization international migration too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius) • Increase again: somewhere in developed Europe (mainly London): reurbanization + guest workers significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) • 36

  37. 2000–2007 • Dominantly increase: developed Europe • Dominantly decrease: East Central Europe significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) • 37

  38. Clusters of cities according to its population dinamics between 1950–2007 • 38 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  39. Annual average population change of the clusters 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s % 1 West Europe 4 East Central Europe 6 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza 3 South Europe 2 West Central Europe clusters • 39 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  40. Geographic location of the clusters stateborder EU-border cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 cluster 6 • 40 Source: calculation based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

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