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Urbanization

Urbanization. Population Growth. Britain was first European country to experience urban growth 50% in 1891 Population of Europe increased by 50% between 1870 – 1914 Better medical knowledge, better nutrition, and housing were key reasons. Poor Living Conditions.

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Urbanization

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  1. Urbanization

  2. Population Growth • Britain was first European country to experience urban growth • 50% in 1891 • Population of Europe increased by 50% between 1870 – 1914 • Better medical knowledge, better nutrition, and housing were key reasons

  3. Poor Living Conditions • Parks and open spaces were almost nonexistent • Many people lived in extremely overcrowded attics or cellars • Open drains and sewers flowed along streets • Total absence of public transportation

  4. Public Health Movement • Edwin Chadwick became important reformer of living conditions • Saw disease and death as primary causes of poverty • “Sanitary idea” • Believed disease could be prevented by cleaning up urban environment • By 1860’s many European cities had made progress in public sanitation

  5. Urban Planning • France took the lead during the reign of Napoleon • Redevelopment of Paris (wide boulevards, better housing, parks, and demolition of slums) • New system of fresh water supply and sewers were built

  6. Public Transportation • By 1890’s the electric streetcar had revolutionized city transportation • Created suburbs on outskirts • Electricity led to the creation of London’s subway system and Paris’ metro • By 1900, only 9% of Britain’s urban population was overcrowded

  7. Migration and emigration • Significant migration to cities from countryside continued • Huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans migrated to America’s largest cities by 1880

  8. Social Structure • Increased in standard of living occurred by the 2nd half of 19th century • Expansion of industry and technology created growing demand for experts with specialized knowledge • Industrial and urban development made society more diverse and less unified

  9. Families • Romantic love became the most important reason for marriage by 1850 • Standard of living allowed for younger age when married • Middle class females were monitored extremely close by parents • High rate of illegitimacy decreased after 1850

  10. Family • After 1850 the work of most wives was increasingly distinct and separate from their husbands • Husbands became primary wage earners • Child rearing and home domain was wives responsibility

  11. Life at end of 19th century • Increased standard of living in Europe • Better living conditions • Gradually higher wages • Lower food prices • Increased leisure times, more money spent

  12. Leisure • Sports attraction increased • Soccer, rugby, bicycle, automobile races, and track and field • Increase number of women took part in activities

  13. Spending Money • Cafes and taverns increased • Department stores grew significantly • Dance halls • Concerts • Plays

  14. Education • State’s role increased in education • Significant increase in literacy • Girls had less access to secondary education than boys

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